California Fair Pay Act Wage Discrimination And Broader...

With the new year come new laws, as well as amendments to existing ones. In addition to the change in minimum wage, which increases to $10.00 per hour, here are some highlights from five new noteworthy California employment and labor laws taking effect January 1, 2016: 1. SB 358 SB 501 -- The California Fair Pay Act: Wage Discrimination Broader Prohibition of Gender Wage Differentials An amendment to California Labor Code  § 1197.5 now adds the language substantially similar work† to the prohibition against an employer from paying an employee at wage rates less than the rates paid to employees of the opposite sex. SB 358 does not require such â€Å"substantially similar work† to be â€Å"in the same establishment† of the employer as previously required by Section 1197.5. Employer Required To Demonstrate Exemptions Section 1197.5 automatically exempted certain gender wage differentials related to payments based on a seniority system, a merit system, quantity or quality of production, or any bona fide factor other than sex. SB 358 amends Section 1197.5 to require that an employer must now affirmatively demonstrate these differentials, and further that each underlying factor relied upon is applied reasonably, together accounting for the entire wage differential. Anti-Retaliation Protections Introduced SB 358 added a provision to Section 1197.5 that prohibits an employer from discharging, discriminating or retaliating against an employee by reason of any action taken by theShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesand supervisors affected by the elimination of levels were offered promotions, transfers to other jobs in GE Fanuc, or early retirement buyouts. Additionally, employees were promised profit sharing, which has resulted in up to three weeks additional pay in profit sharing bonuses in some years. The test of the change is in the results. GE Fanuc’s revenue is up women employees, who composed about three-fourths of the bank’s workers. As a result, several years later about one-fourth of all managers andRead MoreState and Local Tax Outline42910 Words   |  172 Pagesit easy for the state to collect. If there is no registration requirement it is VERY hard to put the onus on the state to collect these taxes. b. Therefore, companies like Amazon do not need to collect the tax, it can be up to the consumer to pay a use tax. 5. HYPO: if you are Wal Mart and you want to compete with Amazon what do you do? a. Create a separate entity – i.e. Walmart.com, to sell the book. Chapter 2 2. a. CHAPTER 2: JURISDICTION TO TAX Section 1: Due Process And CommerceRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesAttractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 ExperientialRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages279 Violence and Crime in the Workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 External Impacts on Human Resources—Legal Protections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Equal Employment Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Other Important Federal Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Affirmative Action and Comparable Worth . . . . . . . . . 285 xii Contents Sexual Harassment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289Read MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagesaffordable, quality health care for all Americans and reduce the growth in health care spending, and for other purposes. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OCTOBER 29, 2009 Mr. DINGELL (for himself, Mr. RANGEL, Mr. WAXMAN, Mr. GEORGE MILLER of California, Mr. STARK, Mr. PALLONE, and Mr. ANDREWS) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and in addition to the Committees on Education and Labor, Ways and Means, Oversight and Government Reform, theRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesoutside elements also can lead to missed opportunities in the market especially if competitors are the first to take advantage of the opportunities. As part of the strategic and tactical planning process discussed above it would be wise for marketers to pay close attention to the environment outside the organization. 3.1. EVOLUTION OF MARKETING MANAGEMENT: The evolution of marketing is composed of a series of responses to major external challenges. Pre industrial marketing, based around craft production

Taking a Look at All The Time Gym - 748 Words

Info: FACILITIES As you’d believe, our amazing fitness conveniences are accompanied by spacious change-rooms with private cubicles also available. With plenty of lockers a few of which are vacant for permanent hire, hairdryers and ironing stations, you’ll have the benefit of your time at the All the time gym. Gym Our large, air-conditioned gym is entirely equipped with the most modern equipment. Now three one-to-one sessions with our Personal Trainers will supply you with all the support you need to accomplish your main goal. Cardio Theatre Whether you take pleasure in watching music videos, the latest sporting or the news event, TV channels and the 16 music on our cardio theatre will entertain you while exercising. Weights Area Our extensive selection of free weights and the newest stationary machines means youll be completely equipped to work out and toughen and condition your arms, chest, back, legs and abs. Spinning Room Spinning is a enjoyable and stimulating bike-based aerobic exercises ideal for all fitness levels. Studio Group work outs is great fun and the best way to stay motivated. Check our clubs remarkable schedule for a feast of studio classes including step, aerobics, yoga and loads more. Lounge Area Before or after your exercises, the lounge area is the ideal place to relax, take a drink and unwind with friends or with other members. Pool Enjoy a calming swim or refresh yourself with an aqua aerobics session in the pools at ourShow MoreRelatedGym Dwellers Essay871 Words   |  4 PagesGym Dwellers Automated doors slide open revealing a multitude of fitness machinery and flooding the air with the sound of weights clinking and the synchronized rhythmic stomping of twenty pairs of Nikes hitting the floor simultaneously in the step aerobics class; it’s time to get physical. On any given day, at any time, in gyms all across America the same scene is played out, (Guy). 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Anatomy And Function Of Coronary Arteries †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Anatomy And Function Of Coronary Arteries? Answer: Introduction Coronary heart disease (CHD), also known as ischaemic heart disease or coronary artery disease is a common form of heart disease characterised by the gradual accumulation of fatty material (plaque) within the walls of the coronary arteries. The build-up of plaque results from a process known as atherosclerosis which is influenced by lifestyle habits such as high cholesterol and smoking, and conditions such as diabetes and hypertension (Nichols, Peterson, Herbert, Allender, 2015). CHD in its two major clinical forms (angina and myocardial infarction) is the largest contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD) (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012) The condition is responsible for a significant amount of morbidity and mortality globally. In 2015 alone, CHD affected more than a hundred million people and resulted in close to nine million deaths (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators, 2016); accounting for more than fifteen percent of all deaths worldwide. As a result, it ranks at the most common cause of mortality worldwide (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators, 2016). CHD affects approximately 1.2 million Australians. It stands out as the single leading cause of death in Australia, accounting for more than ten percent of all deaths in the country. For instance, in 2015, it accounted for 19, 777 deaths, an equivalent of 12% of all deaths in that year (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016). This paper reviews various aspects of this condition including the anatomy and physiology of the involved systems, its aetiology, clinical presentation, the investigative procedures adopted for the diagnosis, and its management and treatment with more focus on its pharmacology treatment. Overview of anatomy and physiology of systems involved Coronary vessels have a different anatomy and physiology compared to the rest of the vessels of the circulatory system. Coronary arteries are much smaller, tortuous vessels which supply the myocardium with blood. The left main coronary artery (LCA) and the right coronary artery (RCA) originate from the aorta as separate vessels and not as a single trunk (Ldinghausen, 2012). Whereas the LCA rises from the posterior coronary cusp, the RCA arises from the anterior coronary cusp. The course taken by the two large vessels (RCA and LCA) is also different as shown in Figure 1 below. The RCA supplies blood to the right ventricle and atrium, and the atrioventricular and nodes which serve the role of regulating the hearts rhythm (Spaan, 2012). The RCA further branches into smaller branches which include the acute marginal artery and the right posterior descending artery. It also teams up with left anterior descending anterior to form the septal perforator (SP) which supplies blood to the septum. The LCA supplies blood to the left ventricle and atrium. It further branches into the left anterior descending artery that supplies blood to the front of the left side of the heart, and the circumflex artery which supplies blood to the back and outer side of the heart. Other smaller branches of the coronary arteries include diagonals, and the obtuse marginal (OM). Atherosclerosis affects both the structure and function of the coronary arteries. Plaque narrows the arteries (as shown in figure 2 above), and as a result, the blood flow to the myocardium is also reduced. The build-up of plaque also increases the likelihood of blood clots forming in the arteries. The clots can somewhat or totally block the blood flow to the myocardium (ischemia). These processes lead to an imbalance between oxygen supply and oxygen demand. With insufficient oxygen supply to meet the demand, the myocardium becomes hypoxic and this often translates to angina (chest pain) or a heart attack. Summary of terms pertaining to the disease Coronary heart disease (CHD) The thinning of coronary arteries due to deposition of plaques, resulting in reduced blood flow to cardiac muscles (Newton Joyce, 2014). Coronary artery disease (CAD) Another name for coronary heart disease. Ischemic heart disease - Another name for coronary heart disease Ischemia The inadequate supply of blood to the heart muscles causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose necessary to cellular metabolism (Merck Co, 2012). Angina pectoris - is the feeling of chest pain, pressure, or squeezing, resulting from inadequate blood supply to the myocardium (Newton Joyce, 2014). Stable angina Classic type of angina which presents as chest discomfort often precipitated by some physical activity. Unstable angina - Angina pectoris that changes or worsens Myocardial infarction (heart attack) is the irreversible death (necrosis) of heart muscle due to blockage in coronary arteries that completely blocks the flow of blood to the cardiac muscles (Newton Joyce, 2014). CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft; and Coronary artery bypass grafting - a surgical procedure that recovers blood supply to cardiac muscles (National Health Institutes, 2012). Aetiology A review of literature demonstrates an association between coronary heart disease and certain factors which contribute to atherosclerosis. These factors increase the intrusion of fat into the walls of the arteries. The various risk factors create different risk associations and there is a likelihood that they may be interacting together. The risk factors include both fixed risks (gender, family history, age, ethnicity and lower and middle socioeconomic groups), and modifiable risks (cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, excessive alcohol intake, central obesity, lipid abnormalities such (high LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, low HDL), physical inactivity, and psychosocial issues (Gupta, Joshi, Mohan, Reddy, Yusuf, 2013). Research suggests that an individuals risk is as a risk of the total risk and not just individual risk factors as the existence of the risk factors has a synergistic effect. Modifiable risk factors Smoking leads to the exposure of heart and blood vessels to nicotine and carbon monoxide which in turn causes constriction of blood vessels, increase in blood pressure and a rise in cholesterol levels. It also deprives the bodys tissues of oxygen and this allows the growing of plaques. Hypertension can lead to the damage of blood vessels hence increasing the chances of plaques forming. High blood pressure also causes arterial walls to thicken and stiffen, and less able to undergo expansion and contraction in line with body activity and other physical demands. Diabetes is characterised by high levels of glucose in blood that can cause harm to blood vessels, and this increases the risk of developing atherosclerotic plaques. Evidence from research studies actually shows that one out of every three persons with diabetes also has CHD (Mohammed, Narayan, Tandon, 2013). Excessive alcohol intake Individuals who drink moderately (3 units/day for males and 1 unit/day for females) have a lower mortality from CHD compared to non-drinkers (Mukamal Rimm, 2016), whereas binge drinking above these levels increases the risk for CHD due to the increased risk for the development of high blood cholesterol and hypertension. Hyperlipidaemia The risk of CHD is increased with the level of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol levels, on the other hand, are dependent on factors such as diet, exercise, genetics, and some diseases. Obesity puts more strain on the heart, and also makes it difficult in controlling blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol levels. According to Khosravi, et al., (2012), obesity increases the risk for cardiovascular disease by 46% in males and 645 in females. Physical inactivity weakens the muscles and makes it harder to control other risk factors for cardiovascular disease which include obesity, diabetes, blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Psychosocial issues such as stress, anxiety, depression and social isolation are also claimed to be risk factors for CHD (Khayyam-Nekouei, Neshatdoost, Yousefy, Sadeghi, Manshaee, 2013). Symptomatic CHD can be triggered by acute events such as the loss of a loved one, and catastrophic events such as a terrorist attack. Fixed risks Gender Males are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease than females, but the difference seems to disappear after the onset of menopause (National Institutes of Health, 2016). Family history An individuals risk for CHD is doubled if a parent or sibling developed cardiovascular disease early in life (before age 55 for males, and 65 for females) (National Institutes of Health, 2016). Age The risk of CHD increases with the increase in age (National Institutes of Health, 2016). For males, the risk is heightened from about 45 years and above and is doubled at 55 upwards. For females, the risk is heightened as from age 55 upwards. Ethnicity The risk for CHD has shown to be increased among persons of African Caribbean heritage, followed by Hispanics and South Asians (Leigh, Alvarez, Rodriguez, 2016) Socioeconomic status - It is an established fact that socioeconomically disadvantaged groups have a higher prevalence of CHD and CVD mortality (Psaltopoulou, et al., 2017). The gradient incidence of this morbidity and mortality is attributed to differences in income, occupation, and educational status. Signs and symptoms Angina The most prevalent CHD symptom is angina pectoris/chest pain. Approximately thirty percent of adults who present o the emergency department with an unclear cause of pain, the pain is often attributed to CHD (Kontos, Diercks, Kirk, 2013). Angina is also described as chest discomfort, heaviness, tightness, pressure, aching, burning, numbness, fullness, or squeezing (WebMD, 2017). It is often felt in the chest but may radiate to other parts including the shoulder, arms, neck or jaw. Angina results from the partial blockage of coronary arteries. This symptom is usually triggered by physical activity or emotional distress. Angina may present in any of its variants. Stable angina is characterised by a short-term discomfort resembling indigestion. A stable angina occurs when the heart is working harder than usual such as in an event of physical activity. It has a regular pattern. Unstable angina, on the other hand, occurs during rest, it is severe, last longer, and often worsens with time. It is referred to as unstable owing to the changes in intensity, character, and frequency. Dyspnoea Shortness of breath may also result from the hearts incapacity to pump adequate blood to meet the bodys demands. This symptom may also be accompanied with extreme fatigue with exertion. Myocardial infarction (MI) Heart attacks result if the arteries become completely blocked. Myocardial infarctions can cause permanent damage to the heart muscles if they are not treated immediately, and can also be fatal. Signs and symptoms of an MI include chest discomfort, dyspnoea, light-headedness, sweating, nausea. Investigations and tests Electrocardiogram Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) detects and records the heart's electrical activity. An ECG shows the heart beat rate, its rhythm, and also the strength and timing of electrical signals passing through the heart (Saint Thomas Health, 2015). Echocardiography (echo) Echo is a procedure that uses sound waves for the evaluation o he hearts structure and function. Echo provides information on the systolic and diastolic function, condition and function of valves, contractility, can also measure the pressure of pulmonary vessels (Heart Foundation, 2014). Stress testing Stress testing is done with heart stimulation, using either exercise on a treadmill, with a connection to an ECG. Stress testing helps identify possible signs and symptoms of CHD including myocardial ischaemia, electrical instability or any other signs and symptoms related to exertion (dyspnoea, abnormal changes in blood pressure and heart rate) (Garber, Hlatky, Chareonthaitawee, Askew, 2017). Stress testing can also be induced using medications in cases where the patient cannot endure exercise tests. Coronary angiography It is the most accurate way of defining the presence and severity of CHD. The process investigates the integrity of the coronary arteries by inserting a catheter into the coronary vasculature and the use of a contrast medium to produce images. Coronary angiography yields information on the extent of the vessel narrowing an also the culprit lesions (Gorenoi, SchnermarK, Hagen, 2012). This information is vital for the treatment and management of the presentation. Chest X-Ray (CXR) A chest x-ray aid in the investigation of the cause of dyspnoea (cardiac or respiratory) (Heart Foundation, 2014). A CXR can help reveal causes of symptoms of CHD, alongside lung disorders. Blood Tests Blood tests may also be carried out to check the levels of cholesterol, glucose, proteins, and fats in the body. Abnormal levels are indicative of increased risk for CHD. Recommended basic screening involves testing for fasting blood glucose, a full blood count, serum lipids including high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and triglycerides, serum urates and blood urea and electrolytes (Ministry of Health and Quality of Life; Mauritius Institute of Health; World Health Organisation, 2015). Ambulatory ECG Monitoring (Holter) This procedure is used for the detection of abnormal electrical conduction, abnormal cardiac rhythm, and ischaemic changes even in asymptomatic cases (Galli, Ambrosini, Lombardi, 2016). Thallium Scan Thallium is a radioactive substance which is injected into a vein and then taken up by cardiac muscles. In the case of narrowed coronary arteries, less thallium reaches the muscles (Saint Thomas Health, 2015). This procedure helps detect significant coronary artery narrowing, and also damage to cardiac muscles due to a heart attack. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (Cardiac MR) Cardiac MR involves the use of magnetic and radiofrequency fields to produce high-resolution images of the heart and its vasculature. The procedure provides information on the structure, function, perfusion, and viability of cardiac muscles, and also on the coronary arteries and peripheral vessels (Saint Thomas Health, 2015). Treatment and management There are two key goals in the treatment and management of CHD. First, it is to prevent myocardial infarction and death, as a result, improve life expectancy, and secondly is to reduce the symptoms of angina and the occurrence of ischaemia, for improved life quality (Ministry of Health and Quality of Life; Mauritius Institute of Health; World Health Organisation, 2015). The cornerstone therapy for CHD includes both medical therapy accompanied with aggressive cardiovascular risk modification. As such, the treatment strategies can be divided into medical treatment, coronary interventions (angioplasty, coronary stent), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and education and risk factor modification (Kasper, et al., 2015). These interventions are aimed at lowering the risk of formation of blood clots, prevention of CHD complications, reducing risk factors so as to prevent stop, slow or reverse plaque build-up, symptoms relieve, and widening or bypassing of the clogged vessels. Under cardiovascular risk modification, the doctor may recommend heart-healthy lifestyle changes. These changes include a heart-healthy eating (consumption of low-fat dairy products, fruits, legumes, vegetables, whole grains and omega-3-rich fish), limiting alcohol, maintaining healthy weight, quitting smoking, managing stress and any other form of psychosocial factors, and routine physical activity (Mannu, Zaman, A Gupta Rehman, Myint, 2013). These lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk of further angina or MI episodes. Lifestyle changes alone are not sufficient to control factors precipitating atherosclerosis. Therefore, medicines are indicated to either reduce the blood pressure or widen the coronary arteries. Different classes of medicines are used. They include Antiplatelets (e.g. aspirin, clopidogrel) Used to reduce the risk of an MI by thinning the blood and prevention of clotting. Statins (e.g. atorvastatin, simvastatin) Prescribed to control or lower cholesterol levels. Beta-blockers (e.g. atenolol, bisoprolol) Used in the prevention of angina, and in the treatment of hypertension. They decrease heart rate, arterial pressure and arterial pressure and this translates o decreased oxygen demand by the myocardium. They help in delaying or avoiding stable angina episodes by decreasing heart rate and blood pressure during exertion. Nitrates Help in the widening of the coronary arteries. They dilate epicardial coronary arteries and arterioles and reduce cardiac preload. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (e.g. Ramipril) and Angiotensin II receptor antagonists They are used for the treatment of high blood pressure by blocking the activity of the hormone angiotensin II. Calcium channel blockers Are used to treat hypertension and angina pectoris. They function by decreasing vascular resistance and increasing coronary blood flow. Medical and surgical interventions may also be sought if the symptoms cannot be controlled using pharmacological means. Blocked arteries can be opened up or bypassed using coronary angioplasty (also known as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (Ministry of Health and Quality of Life; Mauritius Institute of Health; World Health Organisation, 2015). CABG involves the use of autologous arteries or veins as grafts to bypass coronary arteries partially or completely obstructed by plaques (Alexander Smith, 2016). The procedure is quite effective for the durable relief of angina, and it significantly improves the survivability in patients with CHD (Go, et al., 2013). PCI, on the other hand, is used to open up coronary arteries narrowed or blocked by plaques using catheterization. Medications Beta-blockers e.g. Acebutolol Definition They are also known as beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. They offer competitive antagonistic action on beta-adrenoreceptors (B1, B2, and B3) (Frishman, Cheng-Lai, Chen, 2013). Indications They are used in the treat cardiac arrhythmias, management of angina, prevention of myocardial infarction, and also the treatment of hypertension (Gorre Vandekerckhove, 2012). Mechanism of action Beta-blockers function by antagonising the effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation of circulation of catecholamines at beta-adrenoceptors throughout the body (Kaplan, 2015; Frishman, Cheng-Lai, Chen, 2013). B1 receptors are predominantly found in the heart and kidney whereas B@ receptors are found in the lungs, skeletal muscles and peripheral vasculature. With relevance to CHD, beta-blockers block B1 receptors of the heart, at the Sino-atrial node and this reduces heart rate, and also blocking the B1 receptors in the myocardium to reduce contractility (Frishman, Cheng-Lai, Chen, 2013). The mode of action of beta-blockers as an antihypertensive agent is still debated. However, it is postulated that the effects of decreased heart rate and cardiac output affect blood pressure. Contraindications All beta-blockers are contraindicated in persons presenting with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (Kaplan, 2015). Adverse reactions According to Frishman, Cheng-Lai, and Chen, (2013), beta-blockers may produce the following side effects. Bradycardia and impairment of myocardial contractility. Bronchospasm in a susceptible patient resulting from the blocking of B2 receptors which mediate dilation of the bronchi. Can also produce side effects in the central nervous system due to a reduction in sympathetic outflow. These side effects may include hallucinations, malaise, and nightmares. May also result to hyperglycaemia, hence risking a new onset of diabetes. Reduced cardiac output due to the blocking action of B2 receptors may also lead to tiredness and fatigue. The blunting sympathetic nervous action may mask hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes Potential complications Revascularization techniques such as the CABG procedure may produce cardiac complications. These may include perioperative myocardial infarction, arterial infarction is a common complication of CABG and it can lead to the development of blood clots in the heart that may travel to the rest of the body, the "Post-pericardiotomy syndrome" (fever and chest pain) may also occur, and kidney failure (Aranki, Cutlip, Aroesty, 2016). Possible complications in coronary angiography include Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) which is an immune-mediated complication of administering heparin from heparinised saline (Tavakol, Ashraf, Brener, 2012). Another complication may be contrast-induced nephropathy which is defined as a rise in serum creatinine due to the effects of contrast media on vasoactive substances such as endothelin (Tavakol, Ashraf, Brener, 2012). The distal embolization of cholesterol crystals following PCI may also cause a systemic syndrome. There is also the risk of hematom a and retroperitoneal haemorrhage resulting from poorly controlled haemostasis after femoral sheath removal (Tavakol, Ashraf, Brener, 2012). The pharmacological treatment process may also produce some complications. These may include a bleeding risk in individuals with an underlying haemostatic defect and gastrointestinal toxicity due to the administration of antiplatelet agents such as aspirin (Casado-Arroyo, Sostres, Lanas, 2013). Conclusion CHD is a common disease in the western countries with a significant burden of morbidity and mortality. It results from atherosclerotic plaque deposition which is facilitated by a number of risk factors; both modifiable and non-modifiable. The goals in the management of the condition are to prevent the occurrence of angina, myocardial infarctions, and slowing down, stopping or preventing the development of plaques. Management of the condition requires both pharmacological, medical and surgical interventions and lifestyle changes. References Alexander, J. H., Smith, P. K. (2016). Coronary-Artery Bypass Grafting. NEw England Journal of Medicine, 1954-1964. Aranki, S., Cutlip, D., Aroesty, J. (2016, November 14). Early cardiac complications of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Retrieved from UpToDate: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/early-cardiac-complications-of-coronary-artery-bypass-graft-surgery Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Causes of Death 2015 (3303.0). Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2012). Cardiovascular Disease: Australian Facts 2011. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Casado-Arroyo, R., Sostres, Lanas, A. (2013). Optimizing the use of aspirin for cardiovascular prevention. Drugs., 803-14. Frishman, W. H., Cheng-Lai, A., Chen, J. (2013). Current Cardiovascular Drugs. Berlin: Springer Science Business Media. Galli, A., Ambrosini, F., Lombardi, F. (2016). Holter Monitoring and Loop Recorders: From Research to Clinical Practice. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev, 136-143. Garber, A., Hlatky, M., Chareonthaitawee, P., Askew, W. (2017, May 05). Stress testing for the diagnosis of obstructive coronary heart disease. Retrieved from UpToDate: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/stress-testing-for-the-diagnosis-of-obstructive-coronary-heart-disease GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. (2016). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 19902015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet, 1545-1602. GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. (2016). Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 19802015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet, 1459-1544. Go, A. S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Blaha, M. J., . . . Franco, S. (2013). Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics2014 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 1-268. Gorenoi, V., SchnermarK, M. P., Hagen, A. (2012). CT coronary angiography vs. invasive coronary angiography in CHD. GMS Health Technol Assess. , DOC02. Gorre, F., Vandekerckhove, H. (2012). Beta-blockers: focus on mechanism of action. Which beta-blocker, when and why? Acta Cardiol., 565-70. Gupta, R., Joshi, P., Mohan, V., Reddy, K. S., Yusuf, S. (2013). Epidemiology and causation of coronary heart disease and stroke in India. Heart, 16-28. Heart Foundation. (2014, Novemeber). Common investigations in cardiovascular disease. Retrieved from Heast Education Assessment Rehabilitation Toolkit (HEART) Online: https://www.heartonline.org.au/media/DRL/Investigations_in_cardiovascular_disease.pdf Heart Foundation. (2016). Heart disease in Australia. Retrieved from Heart Foundation: https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/about-us/what-we-do/heart-disease-in-australia Kaplan, N. M. (2015). Treatment of hypertension: Drug therapy. In N. M. Kaplan, Kaplan's Clinical Hypertension. Philadelphia: Williams Wilkins. Kasper, D. L., Fauci, A. S., Hauser, S. L., Longo, D. L., Jameson, J. L., Loscalzo, J. (2015). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. Pennyslvania: McGraw Hill Professional. Khayyam-Nekouei, Z., Neshatdoost, H., Yousefy, A., Sadeghi, M., Manshaee, G. (2013). Psychological factors and coronary heart disease. ARYA Atheroscle, 102-111. Khosravi, A., Tabib, A. A., Golshadi, I., Siadat, Z. D., Bahonar, A., Zarfeshani, S., . . . Rezaee, S. (2012). The Relationship between Weight and CVD Risk Factors in a Sample Population from Central Iran (Based on IHHP). ARYA Atheroscler., 82-89. Kontos, M. C., Diercks, D. B., Kirk, J. D. (2013). Emergency Department and Office-Based Evaluation of Patients With Chest Pain. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 284-299. Leigh, J. A., Alvarez, M., Rodriguez, C. J. (2016). Ethnic Minorities and Coronary Heart Disease: an Update and Future Directions. Curr Atheroscler Rep. Ldinghausen, M. (2012). The Clinical Anatomy of Coronary Arteries. Berlin: Springer Science Business Media. Mannu, G., Zaman, M., A Gupta Rehman, H., Myint, P. (2013). Evidence of Lifestyle Modification in the Management of Hypercholesterolemia. Curr Cardiol Rev., 2-14. Merck Co. (2012, March 4). Occlusive Peripheral Arterial Disease. Retrieved from The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook website: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart_and_blood_vessel_disorders/peripheral_arterial_disease/occlusive_peripheral_arterial_disease.html#v722187 Ministry of Health and Quality of Life; Mauritius Institute of Health; World Health Organisation. (2015). Clinical Guidelines For The MAnagement of Coronary Heart Disease. Ministry of Health and Quality of Life/refe. Mohammed, K. A., Narayan, K. V., Tandon, N. (2013). Diabetes coronary heart disease: Current perspectives. Indian J Med Res, 584597. Mukamal, K. J., Rimm, E. B. (2016). Alcohol's Effects on the Risk for Coronary Heart Disease. Retrieved from National Institute of Health: https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-4/255-261.htm National Health Institutes. (2012, February 23). What Is Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting? Retrieved from National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cabg National Institutes of Health. (2016, June 22). Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors. Retrieved from National Heart, lung, and Blood Institute: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hd/atrisk National Institutes of Health. (2016, June 22). What Is Atherosclerosis? Retrieved from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/atherosclerosis Newton, T. J., Joyce, A. (2014). Human Perspectives Units 1 2: For the ATAR Course. Sydney: Cengage Learning Australia. Nichols, M., Peterson, K., Herbert, J., Allender, S. (2015). Australian heart disease statistics. Overweight, obesity and cardiovascular disease past, present and future. Melbourne: National Heart Foundation of Australia. Psaltopoulou, T., Hatzis, G., Papageorgiou, N., EmmanuelAndroulakis, Briasoulis, A., Tousoulis, D. (2017). Socioeconomic status and risk factors for cardiovascular disease: Impact of dietary mediators. Hellenic Journal of Cardiology, 32-42. Saint Thomas Health. (2015). Investigations of Coronary Artery Disease. Retrieved from Saint Thomas Health: https://www.sth.org.hk/upload/services/original/533420100419154830.pdf Spaan, J. (2012). Coronary Blood Flow: Mechanics, Distribution, and Control. Berlin: Springer Science Business Media. Tavakol, M., Ashraf, S., Brener, S. J. (2012). Risks and Complications of Coronary Angiography: A Comprehensive Review. Glob J Health Sci. , 65-93. The Johns Hopkins University. (2017). Anatomy and Function of the Coronary Arteries. Retrieved from John Hopkins Medicine: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/cardiovascular_diseases/anatomy_and_function_of_the_coronary_arteries_85,P00196 WebMD. (2017). Understanding Heart Disease -- Symptoms. Retrieved from WebMD: https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/understanding-heart-disease-symptoms#1

Strategy and policy

Table of Contents History of the Apple Company Strategies and policies of the Apple Company Conclusion Bibliography Strategy and policy are the backbones of success in the business world. If the policies and strategies of a company are well structured, they mostly translate to profits (Colley, 2004, p. 23). This is because strategic planning helps an organization to produce goods that are appreciable by their customers and also helps them to enter new markets and thus widen their customer base. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategy and policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, strategic planning helps a company plan well for the future and be aware of future business twists and also helps it to maximally employ the skills of its workforce. On the other hand, development of policies helps an organization to maintain ethical standards and thus maintain its goodwill. Policies also protect the as sets of the organization and thus they protect the organization from losses fuelled by fraudulent employees and/or court cases which will, otherwise, be evident in the organization (Hartley, 2010, p. 1). This paper explores the strategies and policies of the Apple Company. History of the Apple Company Apple was founded by Steve Jobs and Wozniak Steve in the year 1976. It was initially a computer manufacturing company but it has, since them, expanded to offer a variety of technology products and a wide range of electronics. In the last 30 years, Apple has expanded its product base to include products like laptops, Mac OSX, the iPod, the iPad, the iPhone, Apple TV, Mac OS Server and a wide variety of desktops. The strategic innovation of the Apple Company has enabled it to gain worldwide popularity with its recent product, the iPad, hitting a million sales marks recently. A billion units of the product are expected to be sold by the end of May. On the other hand, the iPhone is in sto ck in close to a hundred countries (Malik, 2010, p. 1). The company has been revolutionary in the distribution of digital media and in the field of personal computing. It has dominated most technology consumers and achieved commendable appreciation from educational establishments. Most educational institutions are now using Apples products in their classrooms and computer laboratory. Additionally, a great number of students and lecturers own Apple products for their personal computing and technology needs (Malik, 2010, p. 1). This success can be partly attributed to the priority that the Apple Company gives to strategic innovation and invention.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strategies and policies of the Apple Company The Apple Company has also established relationships with international agents to help them market their products. For instance, Rogers Communications Inc . markets Apple products in Canada. They have recently developed policies on the marketing of data plans for the iPad. They offer 250 Mb monthly data for $15 and 5 Gb for $ 35. They do not have an unlimited data plan because they believe that most customers use less than 250 Mb in a month. This is contrary to the policies set by the Apple Company in the U.S. where they have offered an unlimited data package for $ 30 (Rowley, 2010, p. 1). This way, the Apple Company is able to provide products that a specialized for different groups of customers. As stated earlier, much of the success of the Apple Company can be attributed to the priority that the company gives to strategic innovation. To exemplify this, in the recent past, the company took the mobile telephony by storm with its invention of the iPhone. It has fantastic features which include a user friendly User Interface, voicemail enhancement, a powerful GPRS and a powerful platform for development and information sharing. These features enabled the iPhone to be the choice of consumers registering exponential sales in the U.S. since its launch. There are currently more than 6.5 million iPhones active in the U.S. alone. The company has also developed an online music store. This innovative step has enabled the company to market tunes for their products such as the iPhones. It is also a strategic step since in selling their iTunes, the company also gets a chance to market their products to prospective customers since people buying iTunes are also potential customers for products like the iPod, the iPhone etc (Doughdale, 2010, p. 1). Apple has also upheld inter-corporation cooperation. To achieve this end, it worked in alliance with Microsoft in the 1990’s incorporating Microsoft’s products like office in their systems. They also abandoned Suns Original for Microsoft java Implementation and took Microsoft browser, the Internet Explorer, as a Mac OS standard. This strategy of cooperation made th e Apple Company to get out of losses that were experienced by the company in 1997. It also helped the company to provide the customers with products that were compatible with other products in the market. For instance, the incorporation of office was a big step in their recovery (Rowley, 2010, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategy and policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many people will agree with me that Apple is the company of the decade. In the last decade, Apple has launched a number of new products that have gained amazing popularity and revolutionized the technology industry. To get a glimpse of the success that Apple has seen in the last decade, let us compare it with the technology giant, Google. The performance of the stock of the giant is amazing but it does not compare to the performance of Apple. Since the time it was listed, Google’s stock has risen by an approximate 500%. In t he same period, the stock of Apple has risen by about 1200% (Saxena, 2010, p. 1). This highlights the fact that Apple was the most performing company in the last decade. This success is attributable to the aforementioned strategic innovation in consumer demanded technology products like the iPhone that has revolutionized the Smartphone industry and the iPod whose influence in the music industry is massive (Foremski, 2010, p. 1). To cite a current example, the company is now accepting advance orders for the iPad from international clients. This is a strategy that will definitely help in the realization of exponential sales of the product when the company enters international markets in the end of May. The pre-order strategy has been implemented for the eight countries which appreciate the iPad launch as a very significant event. This implies that the pre-order strategy will definitely have its desired effect since Apple customers in these countries are genuinely interested in acqui ring the iPad. The Apple Company has also adopted a strategy to control the kind of software and applications that run in its hardware. This was developed to add to the existing control on the Operating System that runs on Apple systems. Many critics have branded Apple Inc. the control freak but the control is advantageous to the company since it enables the company to market more of their software and applications. In this regard, the applications which run on the iPad and the iPhone are all developed by Apple Inc (Foremski, 2010, p. 1).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another strategy that has enabled Apple Inc. to maintain its competitive edge is its acquisition policy. Remarkable among its acquisitions is the acquisition of its co-founder, Steve Jobs, and his company NeXT. This acquisition brought to Apple a lot of expertise and innovations that enabled the creation of iMac and Mac OS X gold. The company has recently acquired a chip company in order to maintain a competitive edge in the mobile industry. The acquired company, Intrisity, was bought for 121 million dollars, which is a negligible amount of money to Apple compared to the benefits that the company will bring to Apple Inc (Doughdale, 2010, p. 1). The involvement of the company in the microchip industry has been very profitable to the company since its conception. It is the microchip resources possessed by Apple that have enabled the company to develop products like the iPhone, the iPod and the iPad which are have skyrocketed the success of the Apple Company. Unfortunately, Lala, a company bought by Apple specializing in streaming of music, is closing down by the end of May. This is bad news to the music streaming industry and to Apple since other music streaming sites using Apples app store may be affected. Users may become reluctant to the buying of music for ownership. Such music sites include Rhapsody, Pandora, MOG etc (Saxena, 2010, p. 1). Apple Inc’s policies have also helped it to achieve the success it has achieved in the last decade. Consider for example its sales and refunds policy. The company offers assistance about product information, pricing, orders etc throughout the week. This enables it to reach a myriad of customers interested in its high quality technology products. The company accepts defective products from customers to ensure that their customers get the best of its products (â€Å"Apple store†, 2010, p. 1). This has made Apple customers gain confidence in the products of the company and thus it has helped in increasing th e customer base of the company. The company also offers a variety of software which is readily available for downloading on the internet (Lowensohn, 2010, p. 1). This has made the company reach software customers across the globe and it has also enabled the company to market its products since most of its software are compatible with its systems and devices. Conclusion The Apple Company can be taken as the benchmark of the importance of strategy in the corporate world. Its strategic involvement in products other than desktop computers depending on demand has made the company achieve unimaginably. Much of the success of the company can be attributed to its investment in strategic products like the iPhone, iPod and the iPad. All these products serve different industries and were developed by the company due to its innovative capability and the demand of such products in the technology market. The company has been able to achieve an innovative and competitive edge though the use of a variety of strategies which include acquisition, inter-corporation cooperation, online marketing, international market exploitation and exceptional customer care. All the stated strategies were meant to beef up their digital hub strategy which focuses on Macs (hubs) and spokes, software and hardware (Mortensen, 2010, p. 1). The company has therefore been able to achieve its objectives by the production of the aforementioned devices. Bibliography Apple Store. (2010). Sales and refund Policy. Available from, http://storeimages.apple.com/1692/store.apple.com/Catalog/US/Images/salespolicies.html Colley, J. (2004). Corporate Strategy. California. Barnes Noble. Doughdale, A. (2010). Lala is shutting down. Available from, http://www.fastcompany.com/1634508/apple-lala-itunes-music-streaming Foremski, T. (2010). Apple’s Strategy: active curation creates value. Available from, http://www.zdnet.com/blog/foremski/apples-strategy-active-curation-creates-value/1315 Hartley, M. (2010). R oger’s iPad plan to have no contract. Available from, http://www.vancouversun.com/business/fp/Rogers+iPad+plan+have+contract/3010440/story.html Lowensohn, J. (2010). iPad hot on eBay, but for how long? Available from, http://news.cnet.com/8301-27076_3-20004562-248.html Malik, O. (2010). Why Apple Was My Company of the Decade. Available from, gigaom.com/2010/01/01/apple-company-of-the-decade/ Mortensen, P. (2010). The dawn of Apple’s Dominance: Digital Hub Strategy, Revisited. Available from, http://www.cultofmac.com/the-dawn-of-apples-dominance-digital-hub-strategy-revisited/27810 Rowley, J. (2010). Apple policy said to prompt U.S. allegation by Adobe. Available From, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchivesid=asdIuYfRt_7U Saxena, R. (2010). Apple Inc. now taking pre-orders for Apple iPad international customers. Available from, trendsupdates.com/apple-inc-now-taking-pre-orders-for-apple-ipad-for-international-customers/ This report on Strategy and policy was written and submitted by user Jordan Jefferson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Major General George McClellan in the Civil War

Major General George McClellan in the Civil War George Brinton McClellan was born December 23, 1826 in Philadelphia, PA. The third child of Dr. George McClellan and Elizabeth Brinton, McClellan briefly attended the University of Pennsylvania in 1840 before leaving to pursue legal studies. Bored with the law, McClellan elected to seek a military career two years later. With the aid of President John Tyler, McClellan received an appointment to West Point in 1842 despite being a year younger than the typical entry age of sixteen. In school, many of McClellans close friends, including A.P. Hill and Cadmus Wilcox, were from the South and would later become his adversaries during the Civil War. His classmates included future notable generals in Jesse L. Reno, Darius N. Couch, Thomas Stonewall Jackson, George Stoneman, and George Pickett. An ambitious student while at the academy, he developed a great interest in the military theories of Antoine-Henri Jomini and Dennis Hart Mahan. Graduating second in his class in 1846, he was assigned to the Corps of Engineers and ordered to remain at West Point. Mexican-American War This duty was brief as he was soon dispatched to the Rio Grande for service in the Mexican-American War. Arriving off the Rio Grande too late to take part in Major General Zachary Taylors campaign against Monterrey, he fell ill for a month with dysentery and malaria. Recovering, he shifted south to join General Winfield Scott for the advance on Mexico City. Preforming reconnaissance missions for Scott, McClellan gained invaluable experience and earned a brevet promotion to first lieutenant for his performance at Contreras and Churubusco. This was followed by a brevet to captain for his actions at the Battle of Chapultepec. As the war was brought to a successful conclusion, McClellan also learned the value of balancing political and military affairs as well as maintaining relations with civilian populations. Interwar Years McClellan returned to a training role at West Point after the war and oversaw a company of engineers. Settling into a series of peacetime assignments, he wrote several training manuals, aided in the construction of Fort Delaware, and took part in an expedition up the Red River led by his future father-in-law Captain Randolph B. Marcy. A skilled engineer, McClellan was later assigned to survey routes for the transcontinental railroad by Secretary of War Jefferson Davis. Becoming a favorite of Davis, he conducted an intelligence mission to Santo Domingo in 1854, before being promoted to captain the following year and posted to the 1st Cavalry Regiment. Due to his language skills and political connections, this assignment was brief and later that year he was dispatched as an observer to the Crimean War. Returning in 1856, he wrote of his experiences and developed training manuals based on European practices. Also during this time, he designed the McClellan Saddle for use by the US Army. Electing to capitalize on his railroad knowledge, he resigned his commission on January 16, 1857 and became the chief engineer and vice president of the Illinois Central Railroad. In 1860, he also became the president of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. Tensions Rise Though a gifted railroad man, McClellans primary interest remained the military and he considered returning the US Army and becoming a mercenary in support of Benito Jurez. Marrying Mary Ellen Marcy on May 22, 1860 in New York City, McClellan was an avid supporter of Democrat Stephen Douglas in the 1860 presidential election. With the election of Abraham Lincoln and the resulting Secession Crisis, McClellan was eagerly sought by several states, including Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio, to lead their militia. An opponent of federal interference with slavery, he was also quietly approached by the South but refused citing his rejection of the concept of secession. Building an Army Accepting Ohios offer, McClellan was commissioned a major general of volunteers on April 23, 1861. In place four days, he wrote a detailed letter to Scott, now general-in-chief, outlining two plans for winning the war. Both were dismissed by Scott as unfeasible which led to tensions between the two men. McClellan re-entered federal service on May 3 and was named commander of the Department of the Ohio. On May 14, he received a commission as a major general in the regular army making him second in seniority to Scott. Moving to occupy western Virginia to protect the Baltimore Ohio Railroad, he courted controversy by announcing that he would not interfere with slavery in the area. Pushing through Grafton, McClellan won a series of small battles, including Philippi, but began to display the cautious nature and unwillingness to fully commit his command to battle that would dog him later in the war. The only Union successes to date, McClellan was ordered to Washington by President Lincoln after Brigadier General Irvin McDowells defeat at First Bull Run. Reaching the city on July 26, he was made commander of the Military District of the Potomac and immediately began assembling an army out of the units in the area. An adept organizer, he worked tirelessly to create the Army of the Potomac and cared deeply for the welfare of his men. In addition, McClellan ordered an extensive series of fortifications constructed to protect the city from Confederate attack. Frequently butting heads with Scott regarding strategy, McClellans favored fighting a grand battle rather than implementing Scotts Anaconda Plan. Also, he insistence on not interfering with slavery drew ire from Congress and the White House. As the army grew, he became increasingly convinced that the Confederate forces opposing him in northern Virginia badly outnumbered him. By mid-August, he believed that enemy strength numbered around 150,000 when in fact it seldom exceeded 60,000. Additionally, McClellan became highly secretive and refused to share strategy or basic army information with Scott and Lincolns cabinet. To the Peninsula In late October, the conflict between Scott and McClellan came to a head and the elderly general retired. As a result, McClellan was made general-in-chief, despite some misgivings from Lincoln. Increasingly more secretive regarding his plans, McClellan openly disdained the president, referring to him as a well-mannered baboon, and weakened his position through frequent insubordination. Facing growing anger over his inaction, McClellan was called to the White House on January 12, 1862 to explain his campaign plans. At the meeting, he outlined a plan calling for the army to move down the Chesapeake to Urbanna on the Rappahannock River before marching to Richmond. After several additional clashes with Lincoln over strategy, McClellan was forced to revise his plans when Confederate forces withdrew to a new line along the Rappahannock. His new plan called for landing at Fortress Monroe and advancing up the Peninsula to Richmond. Following the Confederate withdraw, he came under heavy criticism for allowing their escape and was removed as general-in-chief on March 11, 1862. Embarking six days later, the army began a slow movement to the Peninsula. Failure on the Peninsula Advancing west, McClellan moved slowly and again was convinced that he faced a larger opponent. Stalled at Yorktown by Confederate earthworks, he paused to bring up siege guns. These proved unnecessary as the enemy fell back. Crawling forward, he reached a point four miles from Richmond when he was attacked by General Joseph Johnston at Seven Pines on May 31. Though his line held, the high casualties shook his confidence. Pausing for three weeks to await reinforcements, McClellan was again attacked on June 25 by forces under General Robert E. Lee. Quickly losing his nerve, McClellan began falling back during a series of engagements known as the Seven Days Battles. This saw inconclusive fighting at Oak Grove on June 25 and a tactical Union victory at Beaver Dam Creek the next day. On June 27, Lee resumed his attacks and won a victory at Gaines Mill. Subsequent fighting saw Union forces driven back at Savages Station and Glendale before finally making at stand at Malvern Hill on July 1. Concentrating his army at Harrisons Landing on the James River, McClellan remained in place protected by the guns of the US Navy. The Maryland Campaign While McClellan remained on the Peninsula calling for reinforcements and blaming Lincoln for his failure, the president appointed Major General Henry Halleck as general-in-chief and ordered Major General John Pope to form the Army of Virginia. Lincoln also offered command of the Army of the Potomac to Major General Ambrose Burnside, but he declined. Convinced that the timid McClellan would not make another attempt on Richmond, Lee moved north and crushed Pope at the Second Battle of Manassas on August 28-30. With Popes force shattered, Lincoln, against the wishes of many Cabinet members, returned McClellan to overall command around Washington on September 2. Joining Popes men to the Army of the Potomac, McClellan moved west with his reorganized army in pursuit of Lee who had invaded Maryland. Reaching Frederick, MD, McClellan was presented with a copy of Lees movement orders which had been found by a Union soldier. Despite a boastful telegram to Lincoln, McClellan continued to move slowly allowing Lee to occupy the passes over South Mountain. Attacking on September 14, McClellans cleared the Confederates away at the Battle of South Mountain. While Lee fell back to Sharpsburg, McClellan advanced to Antietam Creek east of the town. An intended attack on the 16th was called off allowing Lee to dig in. Beginning the Battle of Antietam early on the 17th, McClellan established his headquarters far to the rear and was unable to exert personal control over his men. As a result, the Union attacks were not coordinated, allowing the outnumbered Lee to shift men to meet each in turn. Again believing that it was he who was badly outnumbered, McClellan refused to commit two of his corps and held them in reserve when their presence on the field would have been decisive. Though Lee retreated after the battle, McClellan had missed a key opportunity to crush a smaller, weaker army and perhaps end the war in the East. Relief 1864 Campaign In the wake of the battle, McClellan failed to pursue Lees wounded army. Remaining around Sharpsburg, he was visited by Lincoln. Again angered by McClellans lack of activity, Lincoln relieved McClellan on November 5, replacing him with Burnside. Though a poor field commander, his departure was mourned by the men who felt that Little Mac had always worked to care for them and their morale. Ordered to report to Trenton, NJ to await orders by Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, McClellan was effectively sidelined. Though public calls for his return were issued after the defeats at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, McClellan was left to write an account of his campaigns. Nominated as the Democratic candidate for the presidency in 1864, McClellan was hamstrung by his personal view that the war should be continued and the Union restored and the partys platform which called for an end to the fighting and a negotiated peace. Facing Lincoln, McClellan was undone by the deep divide in the party and numerous Union battlefield successes which bolstered the National Union (Republican) ticket. On election day, he was defeated by Lincoln who won with 212 electoral votes and 55% of the popular vote. McClellan only garnered 21 electoral votes. Later Life In the decade after the war, McClellan enjoyed two long trips to Europe and returned to the world of engineering and railroads. In 1877, he was nominated as the Democratic candidate for governor of New Jersey. He won the election and served a single term, leaving office in 1881. An avid supporter of Grover Cleveland, he had hoped to be named secretary of war, but political rivals blocked his appointment. McClellan suddenly died on October 29, 1885, after suffering from chest pains for several weeks. He was buried at Riverview Cemetery in Trenton, NJ.

How to Write Amazing Caltech Essays

How to Write Amazing Caltech Essays SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The California Institute of Technology- or Caltech, as it’s more commonly known- is a highly exclusive college. If you want to join the Beavers, you’ll need not just top grades and standardized test scores, but strong writing supplements to support them as well. Caltech accepts around nine percent of students that apply, making it an extremely competitive school.The more you know about the Caltech essay prompts before you start, the better prepared you are to answer them. Read on to learn about 2018’s essay prompts, as well as some tips and tricks for maximizing their potential to impress! Feature Image:Canon.vs.nikon/Wikimedia Commons What Do I Need to Know About the Caltech Essays? Caltech accepts both the Coalition and Common Application, so you can use whichever application suits you better. In addition to the requiredCoalition or Common Application essays, Caltech also requires four short essays. One essay asks you to describe three experiences that contributed to your interest in STEM fields, with 10 to 120 words for each experience, or 30 to 360 total.The other three essays, which cover how you’ll interact with the Caltech community, what creative and fun interests you have, and what diversity you’ll bring to the student body, have requirements of 250 to 400 words. Altogether, you’ll be writing between 780 and 1560 words. These essays are fairly short, so you’ll want to spend a good amount of time honing your argument to its most efficient. Start early so you have plenty of time to plan, refine, revise, and proof before you submit! Do a little preparation and you can look this happy when writing your Caltech essays, too! What Are the Caltech Essay Prompts? TheCaltech essay prompts are fairly standard, though each one is tailored to the college’s specifications. You’ll see the usual â€Å"Why This College?† and â€Å"Diversity† essay questions, but always keep in mind that you’re applying to Caltech specifically, and your essays should reflect that. Prompt #1 Describe three experiences and/or activities that have helped develop your passion for a possible career in a STEM field. (Your response for each experience/activity should range between 10-120 words.) The first essay asks you to describe three things that have led to your love for whatever STEM field you prefer. Note the word requirement- each item should fall between 10 and 120 words, meaning you’ll need to be very brief. Caltech wants you to use this space to demonstrate your interest in the STEM field of your choice. They want to hear about your passion and what interests you, so dig deep to really find that spark of inspiration. Maybe you were captivated by a childhood collection of sea monkeys, or you took your very first game console apart to see how it worked- and you put it back together. These are all great places to start, but be sure that they’re both brief and meaningful to you. You’re telling Caltech a short story about yourself with these three experiences, demonstrating what draws you to STEM over any other field, so be sure that the admissions office understands not just what brings you here, but why. Specificity and brevity are your best friends in this section. Maybe you really have wanted to do computer programming for your entire life, but Caltech wants you to be more specific. Name three instances that inspired you, not your life as a whole. Caltech, as a STEM-focused college, also wants to see your curiosity and interest. Return to experiences involving math or science that excited you in your past and think deeply about how you felt and how they made you want to learn more. These are the kinds of experiences that Caltech wants to hear about! For this prompt, avoid the pitfall of talking too much. When we’re thinking about formative experiences that excite us, we can tend to get a little long-winded. Resist that temptation- you only have 120 words each, so keep it as simple and direct as you can, without any fluff. Each answer should state what the experience was and how that helped develop your passion. Any more than that, and you risk wasting space. Prompt #2 Much like the life of a professional scientist or engineer, the life of a "Techer" relies heavily on collaboration. Knowing this, what do you hope to explore, innovate, or create with your Caltech peers? (Your response should range between 250-400 words.) This is a spin on the typical â€Å"Why You?† question. Many times, these questions are asking what you’ll bring to a college’s student body- in Caltech’s case, they’re looking for specific information about how you plan to participate in the community. Think about your academic and career goals, and combine them with what you know about Caltech’s community. How can they help you reach them? Caltech doesn’t only want to know about what you hope to achieve with your education. Caltech mentions in their mission statement that they aim to â€Å"expand human knowledge and benefit society.† Do your goals align with that mission? How will being part of the Caltech community- not just having a degree from a prestigious university- help you achieve your aspirations? Your best bet with this question is to get specific. Always keep in mind the angle of collaboration- though we often credit individuals with scientific discoveries and technology, many are put together by groups of people building on one another’s research. If you have a specific idea in mind, such as refining lab-grown meat for mass production, consider what skills you have and what skills you don’t. How can your classmates at Caltech help? Take a look at Caltech’s clubs and courses and find some that match your goals. If lab-grown meat is your goal, take a look through Caltech’s bioengineering offerings and fold those into your answer- being specific about how Caltech and the people you meet there will help you meet your goals will make it clear that it’s Caltech, not just a degree, that appeals to you. Though your goals are important to this question, avoid focusing too much on yourself or thinking too far forward. This question wants to know about your time at Caltech- focus on the next few years and how you hope to develop as part of the STEM community. This guy would fit right in at Caltech. Prompt #3 Caltech students are often known for their sense of humor and creative pranks. What do you like to do for fun? (Your response should range between 250-400 words.) Take this question at its word- Caltech is indeed known for its proud history of pranks.The admissions office wants to hear about your life outside of academics and learning. What do you like to do that isn’t related to your field of study? The purpose of this question is to learn more about you as an individual. If you’re in the running for Caltech, you’re already a student with a strong academic record- and so is everybody else at your level. This question wants to know what makes you unique, what features, personality traits, and interests will make you a student that Caltech wants to have around. It’s important that this be a question you answer without an academic focus. That may sound strange- you need to be impressive at Caltech, after all- but think beyond your chemistry work or the game you’ve been working on. Of course, you should also be prepared to answer why whatever you choose matters to you. Maybe you’re really into gardening because seeing something grow from a seed to a plant brings you joy. Maybe playing tabletop role-playing games is your thing, because it’s a creative outlet that pushes you to think on the fly. Whatever the hobby, it should mean something to you- hours mindlessly surfing Netflix isn’t going to cut it. There are a few things to avoid with this prompt. Unique is good, but controversial is too much. Attending college is fitting into a community, and Caltech wants to know that you’ll participate in the community. If you come off as intentionally inflammatory- such as if your favorite hobby is being a troll online- you may stick out for the wrong reasons. Also try not to be too general. If you like to read, tell them what- can you draw your own map of Middle-earth from memory? If you play video games, let them know why- maybe you’re part of a top-ranked Overwatchteam, and you enjoy the camaraderie of grinding your rank with friends, or maybe you’re striving for the world-record in speedrunning Super Mario 64 because you enjoy the thrill of finding a new glitch. Again, always come back to specificity and stating why. It’s better to be clear and concise than wordy and opaque! Prompt #4 The process of discovery best advances when people from various backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives come together. How do you see yourself contributing to the diversity of Caltech's community? (Your response should range between 250-400 words.) This question is a classic representation of the â€Å"Diversity† essay.What Caltech wants to know with this prompt is what you as a unique individual bring to the community. That can be everything from your socioeconomic background to your unconventional upbringing as a traveling circus performer to your interest in antique guitars- don’t feel like the only meaning for â€Å"diversity† is hardship you’ve experienced. Colleges are places where lots of people of different backgrounds come together, and Caltech wants to know that you’re going to both contribute and respect that diversity. Thinking about the ways that you differ from others is a great way of showing that you’re similarly interested in fostering a diversity of thought and experience. Your best option for this prompt is to focus on a specific part of your identity that isn’t discussed elsewhere in your application. If you grew up in a major city, maybe light pollution made it impossible for you to see the night sky, so you read every book you could get your hands on to learn more about the constellations. You could write about how the combination of learning from books and experiencing light pollution ignited your interest in learning more about astronomy, but also in understanding how light pollution impacts the field.This diversity of thought and experience is important to a student body- whatever your niche is, you should discuss it! Do avoid exaggeration or lying, though. Caltech wants to know about your diversity, and the admissions office is experienced in picking out parts of your essay that might be disingenuous or overstated. Again, focus on what really matters to you, not picking a trait that you think will score you points. It probably wasn't one of these kids who wrote these successful Caltech essays. Caltech Essays That Worked All this information is great, but it can still be tricky to understand exactly what Caltech wants to know until you’ve seen it demonstrated. Check out this accepted essay- and some tips from someone who took a serious risk- to learn more about what Caltech hopes to see in your essay! Martin Alternburg's Essay I cross over the bridge into Minnesota. Out of my three sports, cross country is definitely my worst - but I continue to be hooked on it. Unlike swimming and track, my motivation to run is heavily intrinsic. I live for the long runs I take on by myself. While they rarely happen during our season, we were assigned a long run to complete over our first weekend of cross country. In reality, I was supposed to go six miles, but felt eight gave me more time to explore the home I had just returned to. My mind begins to wander as I once again find my rhythm.My train of thought while running is similar to the way one thinks in the minutes before sleep - except one has more control over how these thoughts progress and what tangents they move off of. While special relativity would be the "proper" thing to think about, especially at MITES, I revive the violin repertoire I had turned away from for so long and begin playing it in my head. I'm now at the edge of town in between the cornfields. Th e streaming floodlights on the open road give me a sense of lonely curiosity, reminiscent of the opening lines of Wieniawski's first violin concerto. I come up with adaptations of the melody in my head, experimenting with an atonality similar to Stravinsky's. Martin Altenburg’s essay is well-structured, using the narrative of a morning run to demonstrate all the things that run through his head, and, more importantly, all the unique traits that make him who he is. From just these two paragraphs, we know he’s a runner, that he’s driven, that he strives for more than he thinks he’s capable of, and that he knows music and composition. Because the essay is in a narrative format, we’re able to follow this line of thinking and have it all wrapped up neatly at the end. We’re drawn in by energetic and purposeful writing that also delivers us all the information we need. Throughout the essay, Altenburg discusses his interests and his growth. His strategic use of locations in his hometown allows readers to understand where he comes from both literally and figuratively, especially the part about his beliefs and how the community he’s grown up in have impacted them. All this is valuable information to an admissions office, who wants to see how you see yourself and why. One thing to note about this essay is that it doesn’t include any reference to Caltech. In fact, Altenburg used the same essay to apply to- and get into- eight different Ivy Leagues as well as some other schools. The essay was likely written as part of the Common or Coalition Application rather than as part of Altenburg’s Caltech supplement, hence the lack of specificity. Your essays for the Caltech supplement should contain more specificity than this, as these essays are unique to Caltech and want to know exactly what draws you to that school above others. Michelle Fan's Essay Reflection â€Å"How do you believe Caltech will best fuel your intellectual curiosity and help you meet your goals?†If I had a few weeks, I might have done enough research to namedrop a few professors, rave about the strength of their computer science programs, and come up with a compelling story about all my professional goals. But I didn’t have those few weeks, so I told them the unembellished, wholehearted truth:I said I have no idea what I want to do in life.All I knew was that I liked making calculator games and explosions and wanted to participate in the bread-throwing, water-dumping congregations otherwise known as Caltech house dinners.As it turns out, being yourself actually works. Shocker, I know. Colleges really do want to like you for you. Michelle Fan doesn’t post her Caltech essay directly, but she does talk about her process and what she discovered between her highly planned essays and the ones she wrote the day they were due. Fan points out that her last-minute essays, the ones that she wrote from her heart rather than from her head, are the ones that got accepted. Though I definitely don’t advocate for waiting until the same day that your essay is due to start writing it, it’s a good message to keep in mind- when you’re faced with an imminent deadline and you just need to get something out, your writing is probably more genuine than if you’ve been editing and revising it for ages. But the big takeaway here should not be to wait until the last second to write your essay (please, don’t do that!). The real lesson is that you should write in a way that is true to yourself, not a way that you think will impress admissions offices. You should be authentic and genuine, letting your personality and interests tell Caltech why you’re a good fit. If your essay looks like this, that's a good thing! 4 Key Tips for Writing a Caltech Essay Like all college essays, there are some general things to keep in mind when working on your Caltech writing supplement. The earlier you get started, the better- take a little time to make sure that your essay is as polished as possible! #1: Plan Brainstorming before you start writing will help you pick a topic that’s both meaningful and impressive. Jotting down a list of ideas for each topic, no matter how silly they might feel at first impression, gives you options. Spend a little time away from your options so that you can pick the one that you feel most strongly about with less bias! #2: Get People to Read Your Essays for You Feedback is an important tool as a writer. Getting someone else to look at your work- preferably someone who will be honest about its shortcomings- will help you find logical holes, weird phrasing, and other errors that may creep into your work. When you feel like your essays are as polished as you can make them is a good time to hand them off to someone else. Remember, you don’t have to make every change they suggest exactly as they suggest it, but if your reader is confused about something, see what you can do to make it clearer! #3: Edit and Revise Take that feedback you got from your reader and turn it into gold. Again, don’t feel like their suggestions are always the right move, but do consider what’s causing their confusion or dislike for parts of your essays. Fix them in your own voice, and re-read your essay, especially out loud, to catch any additional errors. The more time you can spend revising, the better! #4: Be Authentic Always remember that you’re not just trying to impress Caltech with a bunch of statistics- you’re trying to impress them as you. That means always staying true to yourself and striving for authenticity. Give Caltech an essay that showcases what it means to be you, not an essay that gives them what you think that they want to hear. What's Next? Need an even more in-depth guide to how to write a college essay? Those tips will help you write a stellar essay from start to finish! A strong essay is just one part of a successful Caltech application. Also look into Caltech's SAT scores and GPA requirements so you can draft an effective academic plan! Before you send in your Caltech application, it's a smart idea to figure out how much money it's going to cost you to attend. How doCaltech's financial aid offerings measure up to tuition costs?

Environment of Corporate Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environment of Corporate Culture - Research Paper Example External factors especially the economic depression being experienced has affected the store more than the internal factors. This is because most internal factors problems are and can be fixed by change or enforcement of the organization’s policies while the external factors are mostly out of control by the organization and may cost a lot to change strategies in order to deal with those factors or to avoid them like discounts to encourage customers to buy in bulk (Rexhausen, Pibernik and Kaiser, 2012). Value portrays the true picture of an organization including the expected results and standards the organization holds in the eyes of others. Performance in an organization can be improved through various ways. A combination of the two (value and performance) ensures that the employees and management in that organization are aware of what is expected of them by the customers and by their competitors (Jung, Su, Baeza and Hong, 2008). Their organizational culture will therefore be based on integrity and success to satisfy the others looking up to them and also to cement a place for the organization in terms of its organizational culture. Jung, J., Su, X., Baeza, M. and Hong, S. (2008). The effect of organizational culture stemming from national culture towards quality management deployment. â€Å"The TQM Journal† vol. 20 (6), pp. 622-635. Rexhausen, D., Pibernik, R. and Kaiser, G. (May, 2012). Customer-facing supply chain practices- The impact of demand and distribution management on supply chain success. â€Å"Journal of Operations Management,† vol. 30 (4), pp.

Trial by jury has no place in modern Britain Essay

Trial by jury has no place in modern Britain - Essay Example The system of jury trial has been related to the common law. In fact, Norman kings have promoted the specific process sending their judges ‘to preside at jury trials’ (Spooner 2006, p.88). In the above context, the objectivity of the court was ensured through the following practice: the public could choose ‘four people to sit with them’ (Spooner 2006, p.88). Magna Carta has enforced the specific rule in order to ensure that judge will not influence the jury (Spooner 2006). Saxons did not accept the interference of king’s judges with the jury, aiming to keep the court independence from the ruling of the king (Spooner 2006). Today, a similar approach can be used for justifying the non-appropriateness of jury trial in English law. Due to its structure, the English legal system ensures the objectivity in trial, at least at higher level than other legal systems worldwide where the use of jury in trials often causes severe problems in the court procedure. The presence of juries in trial has been, traditionally, considered as a measure for ensuring equality in terms of law, i.e. to ensure that the decision of the court will be fair both for the perpetrator and the public, meaning that no punishment will be imposed unless the person considered as the perpetrator has, indeed, committed the offense involved. It is for this reason that in trial with juries the defendant is given plenty of time in order to present all the evidence available; in this way it is ensured that the crime will be fairly and appropriately evaluated by the jury. In practice, the participation of juries in trials has led to ‘verdicts, which have protected the personal rights’ (Hosterttler 2004, p.155). However, it cannot be stated that trial by jury always lead to the correct verdict or that juries ‘protect the law’ (Hosterttler 2004, p.155). Such perception cannot be acceptable taking into consideration the involvement of other individuals in critical parts of each trial, especially the judge in directing the trial and the lawyers in presenting/ analyzing the evidence involved. From this point of view it could be noted that juries are not indispensable part of criminal law. In the English legal system this view could be also applied, especially since in the particular system, due to its structure and its principles is quite difficult to lead to failures in regard to the evaluation of evidence, minimizing the risks for wrong verdicts. Currently, criminal trials in the English legal system are based on the trial jury, but not necessarily. In minor offences, these that are heard before the magistrate’s courts, the offender has the right to choose between ‘a trial before the magistrate court and a trial by jury before the Crown Court’ (Erastus-Obilo 2009, p.41). On the other hand, in more serious offences, the offender does not have such option. The trial is heard necessarily ‘by judge and the ju ry’ (Erastus – Obilo 2009, p.41). Moreover, the power of jury as factors determining the cases cannot be ignored. In fact, the verdict cannot replace the judgment of the court, but the verdict is the basis for the development of the judgment. From this point of view, the current role of jury in the English legal system is critical. 3. Benefits and implications of the trial by jury The use of the jury system in England has been combined with the principle of liberty; more specifically, the presence of juries in trials in England reflected the liberty of people to participate in important issues related to the law, which, as its name notes, is common among all people in terms of

Information about current influences on planning Essay Example for Free

Information about current influences on planning Essay 1. Every child matter influences planning and provision of learning opportunities The National Curriculum is the starting point for planning a school curriculum that meets the specific needs of individuals and groups of pupils. This statutory inclusion statement on providing effective learning opportunities for all pupils outlines how teachers can modify, as necessary, the National Curriculum programmes of study to provide all pupils with relevant and appropriately challenging work at each key stage. Child care act 2006 influences planning and provision of learning opportunities this act states that early years providers have a duty to implement the EYFS. We do this by meeting the learning and development requirements when doing our weekly planning and we also comply with the welfare requirements. Child care act does this to ensure that it is very important to follow rules and regulations to ensure that the children are at the right stages of development in life. SEN code of practice 2002 influences planning and provision of learning opportunities areas covered include the definition of special educational needs, parental responsibility and working partnership with parents. The code also looks at: involving pupils in assessment and decision-making; provision in the Early Years; primary and secondary education; statutory assessment of children under compulsory school age; and the role of the special educational needs coordinator. (2013) Special Educational Needs: Code of Practice. The SEN code do this to ensure that disability children do not miss out on key learning development and also to make sure that they do not feel left out or intimidated. Equality act 2010 influences planning and provision of learning opportunities this act makes sure that no one gets treated differently to anybody else this helps planning and provision because it makes sure that staff have to make sure that when they plan a activity or a lesson plan it’s got to be able to involve everyone and make sure that it suits all individual needs. ‘’ Objectives must be appropriate, focusing on the most pressing equality  gaps.’’ 2. Inspectors found that where assessment was underdeveloped it tended to focus more on children’s welfare or their interests, rather than their learning. Self-evaluation and action-planning was too often seen by childcare providers as something that had to be done for Ofsted rather than a means of improving outcome for children. However, outcomes for children were no better than satisfactory in any of the providers where self-evaluation was inadequate (2011) Press release: A good start for the Early Years Foundation Stage. Ofsted make sure that it is seen to be important to plan different types of learning opportunities for the children as this helps to develop the children’s skills in a variety of way. For example ofsted inspect schools by sitting in on different subjects and different teacher’s lessons, they do this to make sure that everyone is doing it as correctly as they aspect to see. 3. The curriculum frameworks like the EYFS influence planning and provision of learning opportunities. The term curriculum is used to describe everything children do, see, hear or feel in their setting, both planned and unplanned. The Early Years Foundation Stage is the statutory framework against which providers of early education are judged, and includes requirements for the provision of young children’s learning and development, and welfare. The report focuses particularly on two areas of learning: personal, social and emotional development; and communication, language and literacy skills. 4. Learning through landscapes supports families in the early years by showing children the outdoors and learning them new activities such as gardening and discovering nature with their own opinions and physically learning by touch and seeing things from their point of view. I believe the work of Learning through Landscapes is needed even more than ever. I hope  you will share our passion for giving children opportunities for discovery and learning that will illuminate their entire lives. Attenborough.D (2005) Learning through Landscapes.   EPPSE (3-14) supports families in the early years by making sure those children do get assessed at the age of 3 before they go to pre-school and then the child will be monitored until they do enter school. This helps by knowing what the child abilities are being noticed and noted. ‘’ More than 3,000 children were assessed at the start of pre-school around the age of 3 and their development was monitored until they entered school a round the age of 5.’’ Leading education and social research (Updated 2013) Effective Pre-School, Primary Secondary Education (EPPSE).   Primary and Secondary Education 3-14 (EPPSE 3-14 project) a major longitudinal study investigating the influence of pre-school, primary and secondary school on children’s cognitive and social/behavioural development in England. The transitions sub-study of more than 500 children and families sheds light on current transition practices and highlights what helps and hinders a successful transition. Evangelou.M (2008) Effective Pre-school, Primary and Secondary Education 3-14 Project (EPPSE 3-14).   Neighbourhood nurseries support families in the early years by making sure that families can get to close nursery without struggling and panicking that they cannot reach a nursery which prevents the child even going into nursery. ‘’The Neighbourhood Nurseries Initiative (NNI) aims to expand childcare provision in the 20% most disadvantaged areas of Englan d by creating 45,000 new day-care places for children aged nought to five.’’

A Comparison of Telling in Knight’s Tale and Miller’s Tale of Chaucers

The Importance of Telling in Knight’s Tale and Miller’s Tale In the Canterbury Tales, the Knight begins the tale-telling. Although straws were picked, and the order left to "aventure," or "cas," Harry Bailey seems to have pushed fate. The Knight represents the highest caste in the social hierarchy of the fourteenth century, those who rule, those who pray, and those who work. Assuming that the worldly knight would tell the most entertaining and understandable story (that would shorten their pilgrimage to St. Thomas Becket), Harry tells the Knight to begin. The Knight's tale of love, loyalty, and battle is placed in the chivalric romance genre. The courtly romance concerns the mythical kingdom of Theseus, wealthy rulers, and pagan (mythical) gods. Throughout the tale, the Knight and the other characters refer to the concept of the "wheel of fortune." In the beginning of the tale, weeping, broken women plead to Theseus to help them avenge their husbands. Although impoverished, they tell Theseus that they were all at one point wealthy and of high rank. Even though Theseus is glorified and powerful now, the goddess will spin the "wheel of fortune" and he will one day be low. The concept of destiny and the wheel of fortune represents the Knight's acceptance of an incomprehensible world. His inclusion of the mythical gods, Mars, Venus, Mercury, and Diana furthers this idea. Emily, Arcite, and Palamon each pray to a diety, asking for help and their unattainable wish. In the end, father Saturn decrees Arcite's death. Thus, paradoxical human em otions and senseless tragedy are safely distanced; they are attributed to the will of the pagan gods. Similarly the love triangle between Arcite, Palamon, and Emily stresses tha... ...night, the Miller's characters are not moral or honorable; they simply want to gratify themselves. While the Knight's story ends with an honorable death and a union between lovers, the Miller's tale ends with humiliation: the cuckholded husband is branded insane, Absolom suffered and prank, and Nicolas a painful burn. Consequently the Miller mocks the Knight's prayer. He wishes the company well, but the content of his tale expresses his laughter. In a way he "paid back" the Knight's tale. The Miller tells his tale momentarily to amuse and and embarrass (the Reeve and his own cameo appearance), while the Knight tells a story strong on "sentence" or meaning. The two different motives reveal the fundamental differences between the two men: the noble Knight can still believe in a higher beautiful world, while the Miller cannot accept it ever existed.