Compare the predicament of women in society as described in Cousin Essa

Compare the predicament of women in society as described in first cousinKate and The conquering. How far do you sympathise with them?The Seduction and Cousin Kate are similarly concerned with thepredicament of women in society.They are both poems which end up in a negative position, and are avocation the trails of a young girl, wanting to be loved, in someway. They also similarly carry the theme of betrayal. In TheSeduction, the girl is betrayed by the young magazines promisingher the romantic love story she always wanted and, in Cousin Kate,the young girl is betrayed by her cousin, who steals the man sheloves. These are the predicaments that both the girls down.both poems contain lines which question their actions, Why did agreat Lord find me out? and For where, now, was the summer of hersixteenth year?. This shows the regret that they had in that periodin their lives, and also how betrayed they feel and the problems they pitch now of losing their childhood.Cousin Kate tells us the story of how she was seduced, used and castaway, much like The Seduction. As The Seduction begins, it uses alot of imagery to prepare the reader for what may happen. Far pastthe silver stream of traffic through the city, far from the dipwindows of the tower blocks. The blind windows portrays an imageof not seeing, and that because something bad may happen, no-one ismeant to see or hear anything. Also, when the poem refers to thegirl knocking patronage the vodka, it shows an uncertain situation, Hehanded her the vodka, and she knocked it back like water.Both girls at the start of the poem are virgins but lose theirvirginity and fall pregnant. The girl in Cousin Kate, is refer... ...magazines she was reading to havesex, but on that point was probably pressure from her friends, as I know thatthere is today, and the poem was not written that far from today.Not only was there great pressure before she had sex, but the shameand feelings that she was put through from society was ex treme, andthis, in my opinion, should not have been placed upon her. Althoughsimilar things happened in Cousin Kate, I dont think they did tothe same extent, and, at the very least, the Cottage Maiden was leftwith something to treasure and that she was proud of. Althoughabortions were not a uninterrupted occurrence, I still think she was in abetter position to keep the baby. Whereas, in The Seduction, Ithink she would have been forced to have an abortion, or if she hadkept the baby, she would have been under great emotion and alsofinancial difficulties.

Macbeth - Power Shifts :: essays research papers

DRAMA OFTEN EXAMINES THE WAYS INDIVIDUALS STRUGGLE TO DOMINATE AND/OR MINIPULATE EACH OTHER. DISCUSS THE TECHNIQUES USED IN integrity OR MORE PLAYS, WHICH DRAW OUT ATTENTION TO THE POWER SHIFTS BWTWEEN CHARACTERS.The text Macbeth by famous playwright William Shakespeare portrays a dramatic power struggle by the careful employment of various literary techniques. "Authority poisons everybody who takes authority on himself" (Vladimir Ilyich Lenin) aptly describes this prominent theme of Macbeth. Techniques include symbolism, emotive language, narrative structure and imagery, which flux to represent the tragic plot portraying the contest between goodness and evil in Macbeth.In the tragedy Macbeth emotive language and soliloquy begin been employed to emphasize the struggle for domination between the characters. The main theme of Macbeth, the desire for power and dominance, is appropriately summarized by the following quote"Vaulting ambition, which oerleaps itselfAnd move on the other" (I, VII, 54)The main character, Macbeth, seeks increasing authority influenced by the witches prophecies, at any cost. Dramatic language has been successfully portrayed Macbeths desire, through the above quote, whereby the pursuit for power and ambition has been decided. Yet, the result of such ambitious ideals is at risk of resulting in the opposite, being condemnation. Personification in the form of Vaulting ambition" and "itself" has been employed to countenance to the understanding of the exert, combining with dramatic language which excessively contributes to the overall impact of the theme. Macbeth lets his "vaulting ambition" rush fate, hence hasten doom. The technique symbolism has also been suitably employed to further enhance Macbeths struggle for power and dominance, hence the main theme. This may be demonstrated where Lady Macbeth states"What, will these hands never be clean...Heres the smell of blood still..." (V, I, 174 )The apparition of blood on Lady Macbeths hands, which can not be removed, is symbolic of her subconscious revealing her wrong doing in previous sections of the text. fifty-fifty though Lady Macbeth is no longer influencing her husband towards evil occurrences, the blood is symbolic of her attempts to aid Macbeths path towards power and dominance. Blood is linked to treachery and murder, hence the emphasis on Lady Macbeths crimes. The struggle for authority and supremacy has now shifted from Lady Macbeth to her husband, yet her evil deeds are still prominent in he subconscious mind.Light and dark imagery have been portrayed throughout Macbeth to aid to the representation of the main themes of evil opposing goodness.

Cyber Terrorism Essay -- Internet Web Cyberspace Terror Essays

Cyber Terrorism Thus far we have scratched the surface of the ever-perplexing problem of terrorism. As it has evolved those in the position of countering it have also gained some valuable experience. plane with this knowledge it is very difficult, bordering on impossible to prevent terrorist acts from occurring. In the recent past there has been an extra element added to this confusing and dangerous equation, the Internet and otherwise computer capabilities. Cyber-terrorism is a realistic possibility but is it as detrimental as other forms of conventional terrorism such as a car bomb? I will argue that the implications of a cyber attack could be just as harmful. Traditionally terrorist acts target a specific locus and argon executed precisely in this spot. This has been a limit of the damage inflicted upon those the perpetrator hopes to influence and the general public. This playing field has grown enormously to what could be conceived as boundless proportions. Individuals or group s can now use Cyberspace to threaten International governments, or terrorize the citizens of a country (cybercrimes.net). The creation of a boundless area of attack makes it that much harder to determine where an act will be taken. Since it is easy to figure out that for cyber-terrorism to occur computers need to be accessible to the groups or individuals committing acts, why not restrict who can use computers? This has actually been considered but would be rather difficult to do in todays world. Increasingly, the States depends on computers? (Cyberterrorism Fact or Fantasy?). We are not alone in this dependency, to a greater extent and more of global business and personal activities are conducted via the Internet. This in itself indicates a major difference... ...ding civilian officials are aware of the possibility of organized cyber-attacks and have aligned themselves to work toward ensuring computer safety. Even though there are efforts being made to address the possibility of a computer disaster it will more than likely happen anyway. Cyber-terrorism, the wave of the future, is potentially much more harmful than anything we have seen before. Works Cited Cyberterrorism. www. cybercrimes .net. Online. 3 March 2002.Desmond, Paul. Thwarting Cyberterrorism. Network World 18 February 2002 Proquest. Online. 4 March 2002.Groves, Shanna. The War on Terrorism Cyberterrorists Beware. schooling Management Journal Jan/Feb 2002 Proquest. Online. 4 March 2002.Pollitt, Mark M. Cyberterrorism- Fact or Fantasy? FBI Laboratory www. cs.georgetown.edu. Online. 3 March 2002.

the red badge of courage :: essays research papers

A. The Red Badge of Courage written by Stephen CraneB. This novel traces the effect of war on a Union Soldier named heat content Fleming. C.The story begins with henry Flemings dreams of being a soldier, to enlistment, and thento battle in the complaisant War. His dream was to be a war hero and to be adored for his amazingachievements. It was his decision to make, even though his mother was against the idea of goingto war. Since at that place was nothing happening during his monotonous life on the farm, he finallydecided to enlist. Ironically, even after he enlists, he finds himself sitting around. He make two new friendsnamed John Wilson and Jim Conklin. Wilson was as excited about going to war as Fleming, butConklin was confident about the success of the new regiment. total heat began to realize that hisregiment was just wandering aimlessly. Eventually, Henry began to think about the battlesdifferently. He started to become afraid that he might run from the fight. Finally wh en the regiment discovers a battle, Jim gives Henry a packet in a yellowenvelope, telling Henry that this will be his first and last battle. The regiment managed to need offthe rebels for the first charge, but then the rebels came back with the reinforcements driving backthe regiment. One man attempted to flee, then another, and the situation soon began to snow ball.Henry became scared and confused when he saw his forces losing horribly. He finally got up andran for cover. Henry started to rationalize his behavior of running from the enemy. His first impressionwas that he was a coward. Later, he began to see how he saved his own life. He felt that naturedid not want him to die even though his side was losing. He believed that he was intelligent forrunning and hopes that he will die in battle, just for spite. Henry then met up with Jim whowatched their acquaintance die slowly. In the neighboring charge, Henry starts asking the soldiers whythey are running. He grabbed a fellow by th e arm and asked him, not willing to let go. The man hitHenry over the head with the butt of his gun, giving him his first Red Badge of Courage. Henrystumbles around for a while until a cheery man comes up and helps him. At his regiment heconfronts Wilson to ask him if he needs any help with his wound. He then gets back into battle.

Historic Preservation: Gentrification or Economic Development :: Free Essays Online

Historic preservation Gentrification or Economic DevelopmentHistoric rescue has traditionally been evidently restoring historically significant architectural or geographical sites for aesthetic value or for the benefit of future generations to better understand the ways and styles of the past. As the study Trust for Historic Preservation explains, when historic buildings and neighborhoods are torn down or allowed to deteriorate, a part of our past disappears forever. When that happens, we lose history that helps us eff who we are, and we lose opportunities to live and work in the kinds of interesting and attractive surroundings that older buildings can provide (NTHP web site). Recently the use of historic preservation has also begun to be viewed by cities and towns as a means to economic development and urban renewal. According to advocates, historic preservation has aided in local anesthetic economic and community revitalization, increased tourism and employment, and preserved regional history, culture, and pride. However, historic preservation has often lacked public support due to a negative reputation. close to see it, not as a means to revitalizing local communities, but rather, as simply driving the problems further under the surface or into other areas, namely, as a means to gentrification. This reputation is not entirely unfounded, as there sport been instances when gentrification was exactly the intended goal. There is a unplumbed dichotomy and tension within economic development policies in general, and specifically with historic preservation, between the need to bring in wealthy residents and new businesses and the likeliness that it will drive out or alienate low to moderate-income local residents. Historic preservation will, of course, not work for every struggling area in the nation, but for those that can use it, alone or in conjunction with other methods of economic development it is important to recognize that the only way to have trul y sustainable economic development and not simply economic growth at the expense of local community and quality of life issues is to govern a balance between this dichotomy and accommodate all members of a community.Social and Economic BenefitsOrganizations such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation and the US department of Housing and Urban Development, and their state and local counterparts are currently emphasizing the benefits of historic preservation as a method of urban revitalization. According to Judith Kremen, Executive Director of the Baltimore County Historical Trust, historic preservation benefits local economies because it creates a

The Impact Advertising Has on Children Essay -- Advertisements Media E

The Impact advert Has on Children Advertising today focuses on specific targeted demographic groups. There is a direct focus on trade products to young consumers. This age group sees the commercials, but does not really see to it the directed message. This can have an adverse effect on the way children empathize and chthonicstand the message being presented to them. The average American child sees more than 40,000 commercials a year, and advertisers spend more than $12 billion annually marketing to them? two-baser the amount of 10 years ago. (APA-1) Children watching television are exposed to every channel running commercials that are sending out a mount message to an immature audience. There needs to be something done to prevent young children from receiving the wrong message at an early age. Also help for them to understand the message that is being sent out in a positive manner. Common themes that are used to share products are sex, sex appeal and straightaway food. They a re targeted for a younger marketing audience. Over the last thirty years ad has focused on a younger consumer base and designs commercials to sell products to this age group. You see television ads, that are selling a mature product, but the commercial is appealing to an immature audience. For example Trojan Condoms have created a cartoon character, Trojan Man, that is promoting the selling of condoms. This form of advertising appeals to tenuouser children because of the cartoon animated character. Though the product being advertised is a for an adult market, it is equable sending out a message to young children that sex is okay. This direct kind of advertising with a cartoon theme, is what catches the child?s attention. The APA report points out, that children under the age of 8 can?t grasp the notion that commercials have a purpose other than entertainment. The child believes what they see and hear without understanding the authorized message. This is an effective way to adver tise, because this persuades the child to want the product or to remember the product later on. Little catchy jingles and colorful carton-like commercials will catch the rice beer of a younger child, and using simple language that the child can understand is key to getting and keeping their attention focused on the product. Advertising focuses on the young consumer , because the marketing base is high for pr... ...m. Sweden bans all TV advertising aimed at children under 12 and Denmark, Finland, and Norway don?t allow sponsorship of each children?s programs. Canada?s Broadcasting Code, which severely restricts children?s advertising, bans ads implying that a product will make a child happier or more popular. We are a country that will sell anything to anyone, no matter what the age or the message that is welcomed with the product. There needs to be more control in adverting to small children. Advertising is a powerful tool to bring a message to the masses. Controlling the me ssage that is being directed towards very young consumers is critical. Mature advertising should not have an immature theme and should be limited when the commercials are aired. Advertisers need more guidelines to follow in order to help ensure that the mighty message comes across to children. Parents also need to be more aware of the television their children are watching. They should also talk to their children about commercials, and the message the commercials deliver. Explaining to children that everything they see on television is not real, may help the child interpret the commercials message differently.

The Impact Advertising Has on Children Essay -- Advertisements Media E

The Impact Advertising Has on Children Advertising today focuses on specific targeted demographic groups. there is a direct focus on marketing crossways to young consumers. This age group sees the commercials, but does not really belowstand the directed content. This can run through an adverse effect on the way children interpret and understand the message be presented to them. The average American child sees more than 40,000 commercials a year, and advertisers spend more than $12 billion annually marketing to them?double the amount of 10 years ago. (APA-1) Children watching television are exposed to every channel speed commercials that are sending out a mature message to an immature audience. There necessitate to be something done to prevent young children from receiving the wrong message at an early age. Also help for them to understand the message that is being sent out in a positive manner. Common themes that are use to sell products are sex, sex appeal and fast food. The y are targeted for a younger marketing audience. Over the last thirty years advertising has focussed on a younger consumer base and designs commercials to sell products to this age group. You see television ads, that are selling a mature product, but the commercial is kindly to an immature audience. For example Trojan Condoms have created a cartoon character, Trojan Man, that is promoting the selling of condoms. This form of advertising appeals to smaller children because of the cartoon animated character. Though the product being advertised is a for an adult market, it is still sending out a message to young children that sex is okay. This direct kind of advertising with a cartoon theme, is what catches the child?s attention. The APA report points out, that children under the age of 8 can?t grasp the notion that commercials have a purpose some other than entertainment. The child believes what they see and hear without understanding the true message. This is an effective way to ad vertise, because this persuades the child to want the product or to remember the product later on. pocket-size catchy jingles and colorful carton-like commercials will catch the interest of a younger child, and using simple language that the child can understand is key to getting and keeping their attention focused on the product. Advertising focuses on the young consumer , because the marketing base is high for pr... ...m. Sweden bans all TV advertising aimed at children under 12 and Denmark, Finland, and Norway don?t allow sponsorship of any children?s programs. Canada?s Broadcasting Code, which severely restricts children?s advertising, bans ads implying that a product will make a child happier or more popular. We are a country that will sell anything to anyone, no matter what the age or the message that is welcomed with the product. There needs to be more control in adverting to small children. Advertising is a powerful tool to bring a message to the masses. Controlling the message that is being directed towards very young consumers is critical. Mature advertising should not have an immature theme and should be limited when the commercials are aired. Advertisers need more guidelines to quest for in order to help ensure that the right message comes across to children. Parents similarly need to be more aware of the television their children are watching. They should also talk to their children about commercials, and the message the commercials deliver. Explaining to children that everything they see on television is not real, may help the child interpret the commercials message differently.

Daphnia Ecotoxicology Lab Report Essay

IntroductionEcosystems have a way of maintaining themselves under ordinary conditions but when a new compute is added that will most likely threaten the environment action needs to be put forth. Our environment is affected by m any(prenominal) pollutants on a daily bases forming a threat to natural stability. For example some of the most polluted parts of the environment be bodies of water like that explained in our lab. in one case pollution occurs animals lav be affected in many ways even to the brink of death. In the lab the stream is getting pumped with savoury potassium filled water that can kill daphnia, habitants of the stream, if the parsimony gets excessively high. To prevent this a real-time curb can be performed. This is a victimize timed test that we use to taproom the effect of pollutant on organism by finding the smallest c erstntration possible that could still be a bother. This is a valuable tool because we can get direct results from a living organism by det ecting stress signals all in a soon period of time allowing us o fix the problem quicker. Using an organism for the assay is the best choice because there ar many variables that can be used to identify stress on the subject because of a specific input.Materials and MethodsE genuinelything is kept the same in every experiment except when concentration differences need to be changed. Meaning all lighting, heating, vibration daphnia numbers will not change to make sure there ar borderline changes and differences in the experiments. The sizes of the daphnia are as well as better to be kept around the same. Daphnia are really quick so picking something to measure in a two-hour interval made it easier to narrow it down to heart rate. Since we can control their space, mean less area of movement we can peck their heart better. This also meant it wouldnt allow us to measure other things that require a larger area of movement which were the majority of the variables. Chasing down the critters is very hard.Week one was the period of observation where all materials were used while looking at the daphnia so that the variables to be measured are elect and the methods in how they will be measured are ruled out. Before the lab a handout with information on daphnia should be lease to familiarize oneself with the little organisms. For observation we are given a stock microscope, to use with it regular shallow white well plates and a dissecting scope, to use with it a gibe through 24-well plate. A small amount of water should be added to the both the white wells and closely three or four of the do wells. Now that everything is ready for the daphnia they are to be transferred to the wells be using a pipet that has had its tip cut of to a diameter of about 2-3 mm so the critters arent damaged. Write down any observations you see such as variables and movements and any ideas for a possible assay.Week two an assay system will be created using the variable that is chosen versus the concentration of KCl. The concentration we started with, was given, a 11 ratio of KCl to pond water meaning that half of the mixture is KCl and half is pond water. To perform this experiment we also need a control that would be 100% pond water. Two regular microscopes are used with the three well white trays. In one tray pond water is added to the three wells, half of the group will look at these and in the other the mixture of 11 KCl pond water is added, the other half of the group will look at these. Daphnia are then transferred using a transfer pipet that has the tip cut to a diameter of 2-3 mm. The experiment needs to start after a 15-minute exposure period maybe shorter because they may start reacting to the different concentrations.Once the slides are in focus view the daphnia to see if there are any changes in the variable if so one partner should start counting while the other is keeping time and writing down results. Every once in a while to keep thing consist ent switch who counts and switch around the wells. After the observation period make sure the lights are off so the daphnia arent heated and they have enough water, and make sure they dont get moved around too much. Once the experiment is compare results of KCl concentration versus the control. If something did occur to the daphnia do the KCl concentration experiment but half it, If nothing happened double the concentration. Once you are done take our results and plot them using a T-Test in excel.Week three the daphnia are tested under different concentrations of an herb to see if the herb causes any types of stress on the variable. All of the same methods are done as in week one and two except in preparing the herbal solutions. To prepare the herbal solution the herb needs to be grinded mixed with wood alcohol and left to sit for a few minutes so it can react and separate the important contents of the herb out. In large clear wells the mixture is measured in microliters of 500, 50 and 5, we also measure out 500 of methanol and all of these are left to dry out. Then 5ml of water is added to 5 wells the four including the substances and one without. The methanol only and water only wells are our controls once this is finished the variables are measured like in the previous experiments.Results(on graphs and tables)DiscussionDaphnia are very easily affected by even the smallest amount of KCl slowing down their heart rate compared to our controls. Our 14 ratio of KCl still slightly affected the heart rate of our daphnia. The daphnia give a clear and quick report on the environmental condition this is why they are straightforward to experiment on.

Sustainability issue of companies

The rude(a) Pfizer has three business segments health c atomic number 18, animal health and consumer health reduces. The familys sophisticated products are interchange in over 1 50 countries and regions. Pfizer has the worlds most advanced production facilities and testing technology, its first-class detection and analytical tools perfect quality assurance system, the company s products meet or exceed the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and U. S. Pharmacopoeia standards, and the companys products is permitted exported to Japan, Australia, the Philippines and Europe .At present, China -listed products include Pioneer give , Salesperson , Cutthroat , Difficult , Anoraks , Zloty , URI Y inning , Vicarage , Celebrate , Lipton and so on. Sustainability come ons Pfizer sustainability issues in two areas, the problem is that Pfizer as a rangeer in the pharmaceutical industry, they need to continue the snap offment of new drugs or improve their existing product to make it better with better e fficacy and smaller Side effects, this problem is a pharmaceutical industry as a whole needs to confront the issue.Although Pfizer in the year 2013 on this issue to make the appropriate secondion, but in the future this issue which will always be a core issue for the sustainable. Second problem is that Pfizer commitment to sustainable environmental problems. Pfizer hopes between the value and the social and environmental ravish ca affaird by the production of products continues to seek a balance, while minimizing the risk to our shareholders. Our strategic approach focuses on reducing energy and water consumption, in addition to in advance(p) ways to eliminate waste.Report issue in the annual report Among Pfizer yearbook Report on environmental matters for the company listed as a special distributor point explanation. Pfizer in Environmental Matters were particularly marked in the year 2009 to 2012 which are similar provisions for changes in Pfizer Pfizer hermetically plant in violation of the federal Clean Air Act as well as some made by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved remedy measures. The wages and opposite matters relating to litigation or Pfizer for the development of new products also caused itemized breakdown of explanation and description to make the annual report them.Incentives Pfizer and enthusiasm to motivate employees to develop improved products interaction of which is how to have a positive impact among colleagues engaged in a frank and open dialogue, and to take responsible action and results. profess information Help colleagues to take appropriate risks and innovative thinking thoughtful, challenging the prevailing views and assumptions and make better, faster decisions. For example research colleagues took an innovative approach specify as type 2 diabetes, helped lead to the formation of a Joint venture to promote therapeutic compounds for the treatment of this potential contours.In what is now our global in novative pharmaceutical business, a team up of researchers detected formability challenge a complex of symptoms characterized by chronic widespread pain condition pain, fatigue, etc. And created a use of electronic medical examination records to identify and a new method of diagnosis of formability related variables. Business development team in Portugal, will help lead to some account Enabler was significantly higher than the performance of innovative contracting market. C.V. Is the second-largest drugstore bowed stringed instrument Walgreen, in the United States, with much than 7,600 stores, is based on the tot income of the second largest U.S. Prescription drugstore. As the retail pharmacy division of C.V. Caretaker company, which is listed as the 13th largest according to the company, in the Fortune Global 500, 2013. The main competitors C.V. drugstore chain Walgreen ranked 37th. C.V. Sales of prescription drugs and a wide range of general merchandise, including over-the- counter drugs, beauty products and cosmetics, film, photo finishing function, seasonal merchandise, greeting cards, and finished their C.V. pharmacy and convenience food stores and on-line drugs bulls through C.V.. Com.It also provides healthcare services through its Maintenance than 600 clinics, as well as their diabetes care center. Most of these clinics are located within C.V. stores. New environmental sustainability issues facing the C.V. is facing a health care form that appears after and how to make us have a better impact on the community. Since 2013, the annual C.V. U. S. Health care reform changes and ongoing major demographic change will be faced with the boilers suit environment and there will be a significant change in the next few years, and the initial deployment of the AC has been with challenges.The C.V. believe their corporate responsibleness is to help patients and clients achieve their health, moral and responsible business. Listed separately in the annual li st of C.V. for health care reform and other issues acing the changing business system and organizational self-made structures as well as how to give their patients and clients better treatment and services made corresponding policies. C.V. For health care reform and other issues increased their business health insurance market, which is the main C.V. growth strategy in the coming years, and our strong position in the medical market, retail and IBM auxiliary. N our patients and customers to help us in particular on the establishment of a number of assets to manage some of the characteristics of the patients health are spending, including the presiding Judge, a rare complaint management and professional integration, through a consistent, integrated retail / mail options special connection specialist patients and according to our unique automated platform Involving medical claims management technology, market-leading home infusion services.These can enable our customers and patients to be healed while spending the least cost, while C.V. in order to allow patients assenting to their customers and provide maximum convenience thief allow consumers through the mail or at our convenient retail pharmacies to get them prescription options. C.V. Plans through their medical advisers and Silversmith prescription drug plan to help their clients and patients with certain chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, identify gaps care, stick to their prescription drugs, and better manage their health.We also expanded the program to Medicare beneficiaries, which helps health plan clients achieve better clinical star ratings, so in terms of the community to get more recognition and thus indirectly on large their potential customers. nucleotide depot The class Depot was founded in 1978, is the worlds largest home improvement detailer, the second largest U. S. Retailer. Home Depot sales of all types of building materials, home furnishings and lawn garden pr oducts, and provide a wide range of related services.Home Depot stores average standards covering about 9,758 square meters indoors and another 2,138 square meters of outdoor garden products area. In addition to the standard Home Depot store outside, we have mainly provides products and services for the home improvement and remodeling projects EXPO Design Center, the face of professional customer service Home Depot Supply and The Home Depot Landscape Supply. The Home Depot Sustainable problems faced there first is a change in accounting standards and subjective assumptions second is dedicated to improving the environment.The first issue is due to changes in accounting standards will significantly affect our financial results or financial position. Generally accepted accounting principles and related accounting pronouncements, carrying into action guidelines and on a wide range of issues is related to our business, such as revenue recognition, impairment of assets, impairment of go odwill and other intangible stets, inventories, lease obligations, self-insurance, assess matters and interpretations litigation is very complex, involving many subjective assumptions, estimates and judgments.Changes or changes in the interpretation of these rules or the basic assumptions, estimates or Judgments could significantly change our reported or expect financial results or financial position. The Home Depot in the annual report which , especially for companies from the year 2012 to the year 2013 in the field of environment in which to make a detailed description of the measures and for the year 201 5 is expected , especially in the many is to change the energy savings made , because in the last time the greatest problem the Home Depot is excessive energy consumption .And in 2013, the year in which the companys energy management team to continue to pursue the establishment of morose energy- efficiency standard operating practice , all of our U. S. Facilities . These measur es include HAVE temperature control unit , and adhere to strict lighting plan, which is the largest source of energy consumption in our stores , and the use of energy management systems in each store monitoring energy efficiency. We estimate that , through the implementation and use of these energy- saving external programs, we saved almost 7. One billion kilowatts hours ( kHz ) since 2004 . That year, we set a goal to reduce per kHz whole feet in our U. S. Stores by 20% by the year 2015 , and we met that goal in fiscal year 2013 , ahead of our target date . The Home Depot act to protect the environment in order to motivate the creation of a recycling project in particular, through this project can reduce the items to be thrown away to reduce the increase in recycling garbage.There is a plan to deal with gizzards materials and waste, which determines the companys sales or use of hazardous substances, including specific precautions to eliminate leakage and contamination, general pr ocedures for handling damaged containers, and provide powerful clean-up countermeasures to limit leakage of. Workplace Hazardous Materials training in understanding and more in-depth training, environmental compliance associates who are specifically designated to store and erase all contacts responsible for dangerous goods. References 1. The Home Depot 2013 Annual Report 2. The C.V. 2013 Annual Report 3. The Pfizer 2013 Annual Report

Jonathans Swifts’ Gulliver’s Travels Essay

In Joanthans quicks Gullivers Travels Part IV he uses a certain character to be his perfect typesetters case for what the hu macrocosm draw should be. With this character he then will comp ar to the lowest of whole in all beings to illustrate all the faults of piece. These characters in his story atomic number 18 called the Houyhnhnms, which flummox a unequivocally similar pronunciation to the word hu objet darts, and the Yahoos, who are the offense beasts of this particular island that Gulliver has washed up upon. Through discover the story as Gulliver describes the lot of his home to the Houyhnhnms the reviewer begins to date stamp how blue-belly shines a light on all the faults that humans view as compared to a divine, simple and perfect creature as the Houyhnhnms. Gulliver tries to distinct himself from the Yahoos of this land, who he absolutely abhors, by explaining his peoples ways and showing they have the ability to reason, unlike the Yahoos. The reader easily be gins to take up what Swift is trying to accomplish with his writings.He lets the reader make their own assumptions of the human race, but makes the assumption rattling clear. Within the story Gulliver describes how his essences had been opened and enlarged his construeing, which he began to view the actions and passions of man in a very different light(puchner291). Gulliver begins to see that the thick skin, extra hair and long nails are merely the precisely social function separating himself from the Yahoos. This sum opening is exactly what Swift wants his readers to experience and see that there are so many despicable faults and useless ways of life in their society. The remit dissembling of the faults indoors man and questioning of the ways of mankind are in complete align workforcet with the ideas and ways of the Enlightenment, which was in short, to question everything. As Gullivers stay on the island continues, this questioning and examination of every aspect of his f ormer life continues as well.The Houyhnhnms, or voices of reason, go on to question the laws of Gullivers land. champion Houyhnhnms states how he can non even contemplate how the law which was intended for every mans preservation should be any mans ruin (puchner285). Swift takes a deep stab at the governments ways of workings at the time and simply shows how it is anything but just and does not make any sense. Swift also makes a remarkable point in the direction of womens rights, and uses common since to show how the treatment of women of the time was entirely reckless. The voice of a Houyhnhnms explains how it would be monstrous in them to give the females a different kind of education from the males (puchner298). The Houyhnhnms says how this way holds no logic, because it would leave one half of their people only recyclable for the bringing of children into the existence and leave them good for nothing else (puchner298). Swift does not stop there and states how irresponsible it would be to not only leave this free radical inadequate but to then trust the care and upbringing of their children with these completely incompetent creatures.His reason here is very sound and unmistakable how can you brook a society to flourish if the raising of man is done by the lowest creature of their society. Gulliver tries to prove to be different form the Yahoos by the concomitant that he can reason. The Houyhnhnms can see straight through this and one states that when a creature pretending to reason could be capable of such enormities, he dreaded lest the depravity of that faculty might be worse than brutality itself (puchner285). Through the Houyhnhnms response Swift dives into the depths of what humankind is capable of. He tackles how we may have the power of reason but have abused it to the full extent and instead of like the Yahoos caused destruction outwards on the world we have brought corruption into the inner beings of our society. Swifts writings in Gullivers Travels question the entire makings of humankind and even the inability of people to dare to question.The Houyhnhnms are Swifts example of how humans should be but even the Houyhnhnms in their perfectness have a fault. They have no ability to question any facts or speak of the thing which is not. In Swifts story, Gulliver recants how he remembers how hard it was for him to get his master to comprehend the meaning of the word opinion, or how any fact could be brought to question because reason taught us to affirm or deny only where we are certain and beyond our knowledge we cannot do either (puchner297). Swift wants the reader to understand that you must not be afraid to put your thoughts and what you have been taught all of your life into question, to not fear the unknown. The Houyhnhnms refuse to believe that there are nations outside of their own island, similar to the way people refuse to think that there are opinions and answers other than their own that could be right. Swift u ses his story Gullivers Travels to ignite the idea that the world as you know may not be the best of what it could be, just as the way stories have been used to memorise children lessons at a young age.In Voltaires story Candide, his main character Candide is taken on a journey where he is determined to begin his true love Cunegonde, which he is separated form in the beginning of the story. Through his journey Voltaire has Candide also in constant search for any man that is happier than he. In the story Candide has a friend named Pangloss who is a philosopher. In the beginning of this tale Pangloss states that there cannot possibly be an effect without a cause and that things cannot be otherwise than they are, for since everything is made to serve an end, everything necessarily serves the best end (puchner356). Voltaire takes these quotes throughout the story and commits Candide to question it at every chance, but is blinded by uncontaminated devotion to what his friend Pangloss has said and continues to push on. Voltaire uses the comparison of two opposites just as Jonathan Swift did in Gulliver Travels IV. Voltaire uses the land Eldorado in Candide to compare to Westphalia.Eldorado is the example of the perfect world while Westphalia is full of everything that is wrong with the world in Voltaires opinion. In this sacred Eldorado Candide and Cacambo witnesses how the people have no desire or wants for the jewels that line their streets. He states that the children of this land must be well trained, since they are taught contempt for gold and jewels (puchner381). During their dinner with their soldiery at the hotel Candide tries to use the gold for payment but in this perfect Eldorado people are courteous and hotels are made and paid for by the state and they do not inquire any money. Later Candide begins to ask about religion and finds that this land has the perfect religion where they do not have monks that dictate what they do and punish them if they d o not practice their religion as they say they should (putchner383). Instead Voltaire describes a religion where people are all of the same mind and can freely practice their religion (puchner282).Once Candide meets the king he finds that this perfect land has no parliament for there was no need and no prisons but they had a gallery full of places to study sciences with mathematical and physical instruments to help further knowledge (putchner383). Here you can see how Voltaire is creating a world that has no prejudices and is surrounded by the overall bettering and good of the people. Although Candide and Cacambo have found the perfect world they still are not satisfied. This is a major flaw in man, to continue to want even after they have everything they need. In response to this, Candide and Cacambo leave and take all the riches they need that they assume will bring them happiness but instead are exemplifyed with tragedy after tragedy that brings them right back to where they beg an.Candide then by losing everything someway is reunited with all his friends and they make it to a tiny farm to live where Pangloss continues to question. He finds a philosopher that he wants to discuss the effects and causes, the best of possible worlds, the origin of evil, the nature of the soul, and pre-established harmony (putchner412) all of which are prime examples of some of the main parts that have been in question during the Enlightenment but instead Pangloss has the door slammed in his face similar to the way man refuses to discuss these very same aspect.Pangloss still does not stop asking questions and making philosophical assumptions even to the very end of the story and after all the terrible things that had happened to him. Candide then runs into a Turk that states that most of the time the people who get involved in others business, perish horribly (putchner413). The Turk then continues to tell Candide that he and his family cultivate their 20 acres and the work k eeps them from three great evils, boredom, vice, and poverty (putchner413). Candide takes the Turks words very seriously and soon sets out his life to imitate the Turks and sets up a garden to cultivate. After meeting all the people throughout his journey he finds this man to be the only person happier than him and he had found a way to make life bearable so Candide commits to doing the same. Voltaire has much to say through his character Pangloss and Martin, about men who choose to live their lives working. Pangloss states that man was not born to take his ease and Martin comments that working without speculation is the only way of rendering life bearable.Candide finally has everything that he wanted all on their farm but sees that what he wanted and thought is not anymore what he wants or thinks. Cunegonde has lost all her debaucher and he does not love her anymore and Panglosss theory does not hold a light in Candids mind anymore. He decides to change his life and stop wanting m ore and make a life that is focused on one goal to cultivate his garden and not worry about the trifles amongst the world. He then sees clearly that he makes his own happiness and others do not. The garden will keep him away from the evils in which he has met all his life. He will not have to want for food and beg, and he will only have enough for what he needs and not what he wants and this will keep his mind busy and away from boredom. pontiffs writings differ greatly from Swifts or Voltaires. In Popes Essay on piece of music, he uses poetry to illustrate his philosophical points. The start of his essay states what can we reason but from what we know(putchner345).Pope gains the readers attention by simply express that he is just going to examine Man. This alone is what the Enlightenment was about, to take into account all that you thought you knew and then ask yourself, is this really what I know. Pope goes to ask the question, are we the only system or universe? He says to jus t witness how system into system runs(putchner345). How can we be the only world is the question he wishes to ignite in us if we just look at our world we can clearly see that we are too a system within a system and perhaps we have a purpose within this very sphere. He continues to ask question among question to further state, why are we the way we are? And are we the highest being above all on earth and if so, should we be in this place? We can see where he asks if idol has placed him wrong and should we have the power over the world that we do (putchner345). If God has placed us in this high position then shouldnt we be perfect, but he describes free will by saying that mans as perfect as he ought and that we are as good as we let ourselves be (putchner346).The Essay on Man discusses fate and why we do not know our own fate or more then the very page that we are on in life. If had he thy reason, would he skip and play (putchner346) and continue to live our lives if we knew how i t would all end. He gives the answer that hope of the unknown is what keeps man going. He examines the Indian people, a prime example of living in the unknown for they had no sciences to let them see the planets and the universe but still remained to have God in their culture. He said they have a humbler heaven before the Europeans came to conquer their land and torment them for their gold (putchner347). Pope describes to the reader that pride is our error and we blame God for everything when we are not happy. Our pride gives us the right to think that earth is for our own use. He explains why has not man a microscopic eye, his response is simple that man is not a fly (putchner347). Pope wants the reader to see that God has made us the way we are and we are not meant to see that far that we are meant to inspect the earth not to understand the heavens.He ends his essay by saying that all partial evil is universal good and that whatever is, is right (putchner351). This very statement was examined greatly by Voltaires work Candide and has been examined by many philosophers and thinkers even to this very present day. The Rape of the Lock is another story written by Pope in which he also uses poetry to reach the reader but in my case went over my head. He illustrates a beautiful story of a girl named Belinda that his great at playing cards and wins the heart of every man and Sylph she comes across.The Sylphs follow Belinda throughout her entire day and Pope begins to show how man has no control over anything that happens whether that may be the folding of her sleeves or the arctic of Belinda. Pope may be continuing his theory that man has his own fate but that he cannot know it and certain Powers that are out of our understand control our day to day life. That this is the way things are and it is in our best ability to be happy with the life we are given. Even the fair Belinda sprightly with all the beauty in the world is not spared by fates hand. The loss of her strand of hair in the end may resemble the loss of sexual abstention and her pride for even the perfect can be brought down.Works CitedPuchner, Martin, Suzanne Akbari, Wiebke Denecke, Vinay Dharwadke, and Barbara Fuchs. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. 3rd ed. Vol. D. New York, London W. W. Norton & Company, 2012. 269-413. Print.

The American dominance of the world’s

Its no doubt the unify States at the moment enjoys an unquestioned hegemony in the world. For a few decades now the United States has been at the center of the international politics and economics .It has increased tenth folds the sphere of bewitch to areas lynchpin of its national interests.This supremacy and domination has not been a smooth ride. It has not been without its price to a point that United States citizens have paid with their blood. The events of the September eleventh attack remain fresh in the Americans mind.The American dominance of the worlds events means that its foreign policies remain the most important in the world. It is at the forefront in shaping the worlds destiny and in rooting out any impediments on the way to securing its national interests. It has pioneered nuclear non-proliferation treaties instituted democracy and governance, intervened militarily in unseating regimes it has felt are a threat to its national security.It continues to shape events in both far and wide countries be it the warmness East, Asia or in Africa. Core to the United States foreign policy is in the intense war it has waged against terrorist organizations in the world. The September of 2001 put into question the impregnability of the United States and all systems have been put alert since.The American government has channeled all its efforts and resources towards containing terrorist organization. In this way regimes have been toppled, thousands dead and a dictator executed.This is not scantily an example of how the United States, under the foreign policy, responds to international issues, how it utilizes its resources to shape events that it believes are critical to its interests and an international unipolar image. This and more will remain the key focal point of this paper. It will examine how the U.S has been responding to international crises, politics and economics (Stephen E, Flynn, 26).One such period that can highlight on the U.S. foreign pol icies is the cold war. Never before in the history of the United States did the government commit so much to contain the threat of a rising hegemony and a threat to its dominance. The cold war was a war of ideologies and tension-full relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union.Although there was no physical confrontation between the two superpowers, the period from 1940-19900 was characterized by proxy wars, armament buildup especially the nuclear arms race and supremacy in technology including the race to space.The two countries were trying to prove their international dominion and hence furthered their individual ideologies and economic systems. While the United States was advocating for capitalism the soviet bloc was a propagating for communism.In this period the United States government was using both military and financial resources to influence the political and economic trends in the world. This was the focus of its foreign policy.Economic aid then was pegge d on a categorical statements through words and actions that a government was musical accompaniment and operationalizing the tenants of capitalism, democracy had taken a back seat then, history is full of incidences when the United States waged proxy wars to unseat democratically elected governments on mere suspicions that they were joust towards communism and replacing with dictatorial regimes (John L P.49)

Religion A Means to an End or Just a Delusion Essay

Over the years, people have held different opinions about religions around the world. Many remember in the cosmos of a divine organism like God, while others worship idols and other images that they consider as their god(s), without concrete proof that these beings do exist. base on the statement by Sigmund Freud that Religion comprises a system of wishful illusions together with a disavowal of reality, one may come up with several arguments about religion. This notion held by Freud, which he contends that religion is merely a serviceman delusion forms the basis of this paper among other views. It is in mankind nature to seek and understand the meaning of life and through the use of intangible concepts, religion attempts to grant answers to satisfy human curiosity.Burke believed that different religions provide a framework by which people can understand the meaning of human life and the world. Each religion prescribes possible remedies to correct what it views to be basically wrong and unsatisfactory about peoples existence (Burke 126), making religion an attractive way to attain satisfaction in life. However, the basis of much(prenominal) remedies lies in a realm that is transcendent of ordinary human experience, that is, more on the realm of supernatural (Burke 141). For example, monotheistic religions point to a supreme being who judges which people gets eternal life based on their obedience to his law. Religions of Indian origin on the other hand, provide an escape from an eternal component part of suffering and limitation brought by the unending cycle of birth, death and rebirth (Burke 161). Such influential notion that obedience to a religion could give fulfilment may cause people to accept and believe in religious concepts wholeheartedly, without tangible proof.Monotheistic religions describe an omnipotent and omniscient supreme being who governs human life through a set of laws. Believers may seek solace, comfort and the purpose of life by obe ying this set of rules, often to gain good psyche from their God. However, such belief in a supreme being is typically based on human faith rather than concrete evidence of divine existence. For example, people in these religions believe that their God created the Earth and therefore, human existence. This notion can be challenged by modern scientific theories that explain the origin of the beingness and human existence through logical and factual means, such as the Big Bang theory for the origin of the universe and evolution for how humans came to be.Religions of Indian origin deal with the cycle of birth, death and rebirth. Rebirth is the religious or philosophical idea that the spirit or soul, after natural death, can initiation another life in another body (Burke 163). This never-ending cycle is brought by humans self-centered desire, and brings eternal suffering to humans. Human existence therefore is to liberate ones spirit from an egocentric self to end the cycle of birth, death and rebirth and free oneself from suffering (Burke 236). This largely deals with the spiritual dimension and is nothing more than a philosophical concept, which again is based on human belief and not concrete evidence. There has been no calculate of people who have been reincarnated, or proof that a soul does exist. It is another way to explain the meaning of life, which gives people purpose of living.In conclusion, people prolong different views about religion. In any case, religious views are just analogies, by the assistance of which we attempt to comprehend a shared phenomenon. However, the absence of persuade proof for the existence of God and the soul, and the presence of more plausible explanations for religious phenomena, prompts Freud and other skeptics to dismiss religion as merely a human delusion.ReferencesAmstrong, Karem. Islam. London, get together Kingdom Orion Publishers, 2011. Print.Burke, Thomas P. The Major Religions An Introduction with Texts. Malden B lackwell Publishing, 2004. Print.Trungpa, Chogyam, and Judith L. Lief. The Heart of the Buddha Entering the Tibetan Buddhist Path. Boston, Mass Shambhala, 2010. Internet resource.Source document

Education Improvements Essay

With a vast array of educational sources available online or by using technology which is involved with multimedia, it is only inevitable that a great deal of teaching will be used this way. Advantages may implicate improved efficiency, interested learning and a sense of enjoyment for younger learners. Traditional classroom based teaching will need to work unneurotic with the advances of computer based learning to fulfil and expand the learners knowledge. Bibliography www. computerweekly. com www. mit. com www. nhs. com www. bbc. co. uk.As technology has evolved rapidly in and around our environment, public services atomic number 18 now steadily introducing multimedia and other comprises of computer based applications. The Territorial Army (TA) and the National Health Service (NHS) argon two that have evolved dramatically within the terminal ten years in relation to technology. The TA has several high-tech intelligence and weaponry applications and the NHS has such vital modern equipment all implementing some form of multimedia. With this it should only make sense that multimedia be included in another very important sector, Education.Within the last five years multimedia and education have bonded well to produce some very informative culture. This has become readily available for children as young as two up to adults participating in education via adult learning schemes. The most significant and straightforward way to view these types of information is from the World Wide Web (WWW). The semblance between primary and university study is that they need to be online indefinitely. Although they need internet access it must not be a limited package.The connection they follow out must be quick and effective otherwise users will establish a lackadaisical attitude towards the idea. Inside the last twelve months there has been a surge in primary and secondary schools in particular enquiring about wireless connections. Many schools are looking at this form of c onnection receivable to its low cost and flexibility. Laptops can be transferred from one classroom to another, rather than having a fixed station. An example of multimedia used within education is a project aimed towards disaffected children to encourage them back into learning.Interactive mathematics, composing digital music and building virtual 3D art exhibitions are some of the applications which are used and created. The main idea behind the project is to establish a stable bond between pupil and teacher with the use of I. T. Other outcomes which are hopefully achieved is the better retention of the technology they are using (both pupil and teacher). If the time for this technology is used wisely and productively with the school environment it could variation and integral part in the pupils advances post education, however if the pupil is not receptive to new forms of teaching then the answer must lie elsewhere.Ian peacock chairman of Hackney Councils Education Committee sai d We need to ensure that the childrens use of computers in the classroom provides some of the buzz they scotch from playing media-intensive games in their leisure time. (ComputerWeekly, 2001). As education and multimedia within the ages of two to sixteen is of great importance, the education of the older age concourse should also be considered vital for those willing to expand their skills and acquire the relevant knowledge. This next form of learning via means of multimedia shows how far the technology has veritable to cater for this age group.MIT Open Courseware is designed to ?Provide free, searchable, access to MITs course materials for educators, students, and self-learners around the world. ?Extend the reach and impact of MIT OCW and the open courseware concept. There is a wide variety of courses to opt for, from history to nuclear engineering. The site is aimed at self-learners who can log on anywhere in the world and start accessing information on their chosen subject. L ecture notes and assignments are all included just as if they were studying in University.This form of studying is very familiar at present with more than 2000 courses available on the internet reported by 1996. That number has grown progressively and there are courses available today to agree the majority of users whatever their subject. These online courses prove to be significant to those who maybe cannot afford fees towards university or who reside to far from any teaching institute. We live in a very rural area. Access to quality educational materials is a 225-mile drive to the nearest library of any significance. (Self Learner MIT, 2005).

Mini Project

table of contents 1 ABSTRACT 2 ABBREVIATION 3 INTRODUCTION TO NC AND CNC 4 4 HISTORY 7 5 CNC SYSTEM ELEMENTS 10 6 WORING ON CNC MACHINES 7 BASIC CONCEPTS OF actuate PROGRAMMING 16 8 TYPES OF CNC MACHINES 18 9 PROPERTIES OF CNC MACHINES 20 10 DRILLING AND TAPPING ON CNC 35 11 APPLICATIONS OF CNC MACHINES 49 12 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CNC 51 13 CONCLUSION 52 LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO 1 Hydrotel mill about gondola 5 2 Chiron CNC instrument 5 3 CNC Lathe political machine 6 CNC elements englut diagram 10 5 excite to Point putz caterpillar track 11 6 Contour asshole Path 12 7 Continuous path m different fucker black marketments 18 8 Continuous path conquerlers 19 9 Schematic Illustrations of comp unrivallednts(a)An open loop(b)A closed loop overtop 19 10 CNC Lathe 21 11 CNC Grinders 21 12 CNC oil production 22 13 CNC long-winded auto 22 14 Electrical turn Machines (EDM) 23 15 Laser recognizeting utensil putzs 23 16 forthwith bed CNC Lathe 25 7 Slant bed CNC Lathe 25 18 CNC marionette Turrent 26 28 Different diaphysiss in Drilling utensils 26 20 legal instrument Holders 27 21 CNC with Fanuc potency 28 22 CNC placeter 29 23 bowl over f number setter 31 24 CNC cringe 32 25 Sensitive Drilling utensil 37 26 Ra dial bore railroad car 38 27 Up-right Drilling simple form 38 28 Drill materials 39 29 legal document nomenclature 40 30 rotating shaft holding devices 41 31 Various exe chop offions of operationing automobiles 42 32 getting even Boring 43 33 Counter sunk 43 34 Spot Facing 43 35 collapses Taps 46 36 Holding Devices 48 7 Types of Clamps and C- Clamps 49 38 Products en pierce upd in Aerospace fabrication 49 39 5 bloc CNC Milling political forge 50 3. INTRODUCTION TO NC AND CNC Numerical escort(NC) refers to theautomationof implement appliancesthat argon operated by programmed didacticss encoded on a storage medium, instruction guide manual(a)ly via hand go arounds or levers, or mechanic completely in ally automated via cams alone. The premier NC machines were build in the 1940s and 1950s. These previous(predicate) servo machines were fastly augmented with analog and nameal estimators, creating the current ready reckoner quantitative control(CNC) machine tools that have revolutionized themachining mathematical operationes.The program is translated into the appropriate electrical signals for stimulation to motors that withdraw the machine. A CNC machine is an numerical control machine with the added feature of an on board computer. The computer is referred to as the machine control unit (MCU). In modern CNC bodys, component protrude is highly automated victimizationcomputer-aided intention( pawl) andcomputer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs. The programs produce a computer file that extracts the commands compulsory to operate a graphemeicular pro amaze machine, and therefore steamed into the CNC machines for procedure.Since any component mogul hold the use of a result of diametrical tools- bores, saws, etc. , modern machines frequently combine multiple tools into a angiotensin converting enzyme cell. The Evolution of NC It was in 1947 when numerical control was born. It began when John C. Parsons of the Parsons Corporation, Traverse City, Michigan, a manufacturer of helicopter rotor blades, could not make his templates fast enough. So, he invented a counselling of coupling computer equipment with a jig borer. Mr. Parsons utilise punched cards to operate his digit Ron system. 1949 was the year of another Urgent invite. The U. S. transmit Material command realized that part for its planes and missiles were becoming to a greater extent complex. Also, as the designs were constantly being improved, interchanges in the drawing were frequently made. Thus, in their search for methods of faster production, an Air Force study contract was awarded to the Parsons Corporation. The servo mechanisms laboratory of the Massachus etts Institute of Technology (MIT) was the subcontractor. In 1951, MIT took all over the complete job, and in 1952, the prototype of todays NC machine, a modified Cincinnati Hydrotel Milling Machine, was success lavishy demonstrated.The numerical control was originated at MIT. chassis1 number2 CNC MACHINES CNC radixs for Computer Numerically get windled. CNC refers to how a machine operates, that is, its basic method of controlling prodment, e. g. , a CNC machine uses a stream of digital information (code) from a computer to execute motors and other billet systems in order to guide a capitulum or other tooling over raw material. A CNC machine uses mathematics and coordinate systems to understand and process information about what to decease, to where, and how fast.Most CNC machines ar able to move in collar controlled advocates at once. These directions argon called axes and ar ha smirchuated simple names such as X, Y and Z ( foundd on the Cartesian Co-ordinate System) . The X bloc is forever the longest surpass a machine or a part of a machine must travel. X whitethorn be the movement from front to back, Y the movement from left over(p) to right, and the Z is well-nigh always vertical movement (normally the pergolas positioning movement up and downhearted). Superior Machinery sells virtually types of CNC Machines, from CNC Horizontals, CNC Verticals to CNC Lathes they have over 182 CNC Machines to choose from.A CNC machine must be able to legislate with itself to operate. A computer numeric control unit s mop ups position commands to motors. The motors must talk back to the control that, indeed, they have acted correctly to move the machine a given up distance. The ability of CNC machines to move in three (or more) directions at once allows them to create al virtually any desired pattern or shape. All of this touch happens actually fast, accurately and consistently. 4. HISTORY common fig3 In 1775, John Wilkinson- preemptnon boring machine (lathe). In 1881, Eli Whitney- milling machine. In 1947, Mr.John Parsons began experimenting for employ 3-axis curvature data to control the machine tool doubtfulness for the production for aircraft components. In 1949, parsons- offset NC machine. In 1951, MIT was involved in the project. In 1955, after refinements NC became available in industry . Today, modern machineries are CNC milling machines and lathes. CNC technology was developed in the United States in the 1950? s for the US Air Force by metalworking machine tool builders. It was a major dab out in the ability of machines to faithfully reproduce complex part machining steps more accurately without homosexual intervention or variability.Numerical control (NC) refers to the automation of machine tools that are operated by abstractly programmed commands encoded on a storage medium, as opposed to manually controlled via handwheels or levers, or mechanically automated via cams alone. The starting signal NC machin es were build in the 1940s and 1950s, based on alive tools that were modified with motors that moved the controls to follow points feed into the system on punched video splashe. These early servomechanisms were rapidly augmented with analog and digital computers, creating the modern computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools that have revolutionized the machining processes.In modern CNC systems, end-to-end component design is highly automated using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs. The programs produce a computer file that is interpreted to extract the commands needed to operate a particular machine via a postprocessor, and then loaded into the CNC machines for production. Since any particular component might require the use of a payoff of different tools- performances, saws, etc. , modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single cell.In other cases, a number of different machines are apply with an external controller a nd gracious or robotic operators that move the component from machine to machine. In either case, the complex serial publication of steps needed to produce any part is highly automated and produces a part that closely matches the original CAD design. Proliferation of CNC The price of computer cycles fell drastically during the 1960s with the widespread introduction of useful minicomputers. Eventually it became slight expensive to worry the motor control and affordback with a computer program than it was with apply servo systems.Small computers were dedicated to a single mill, placing the entire process in a small box. PDP-8? s and Data worldwide Nova computers were rough-cut in these roles. The introduction of the microprocessor in the 1970s further reduced the cost of implementation, and today almost all CNC machines use some(prenominal) form of microprocessor to handle all trading operations. The introduction of lower-cost CNC machines radically changed the manufacturing industry. Curves are as flourishing to cut as straight disceptations, complex 3-D structures are relatively easy to produce, and the number f machining steps that required human action have been dramatically reduced. With the increased automation of manufacturing processes with CNC machining, goodish improvements in consistency and flavor have been achieved with no strain on the operator. CNC automation reduced the frequence of errors and admitd CNC operators with cartridge clip to carry through additional tasks. CNC automation to a fault allows for more flexibility in the way parts are held in the manufacturing process and the cartridge clip required to change the machine to produce different components.During the early 1970s the Western economies were mired in slow economic growth and rising employment costs, and NC machines started to pass more attractive. The major U. S. vendors were slow to respond to the demand for machines suitable for lower-cost NC systems, and int o this void stepped the Germans. In 1979, gross revenue of German machines surpassed the U. S. designs for the first judgment of conviction. This cycle quickly repeated itself, and by 1980 Japan had taken a soundership position, U. S. gross sales dropping all the time. Once sitting in the 1 position in terms of sales on a top-ten chart consisting entirely of U. S. ompanies in 1971, by 1987 Cincinnati Milacron was in 8th place on a chart heavily dominated by Japanese firms. Many researchers have commented that the U. S. focus on high-end applications left them in an uncompetitive situation when the economic downturn in the early 1970s led to greatly increased demand for low-cost NC systems. Unlike the U. S. companies, who had focuse on the highly profitable aerospace market, German and Japanese manufacturers targeted lower-profit segments from the start and were able to innovate the low-cost markets much more comfortably. As computing and ne bothrking evolved, so did direct nume rical control (DNC).Its long-term coexistence with less networked variants of NC and CNC is explained by the fact that individual firms tend to arrive with whatever is profitable and their time and money for trying out dislodgenatives is limited. This explains why machine tool models and tape storage media persist in grandfathered fashion even as the state of the art advances. 5. CNC SYSTEM ELEMENTS A typical CNC system consists of the following six elements. 1 Part program 2 Program input device 3 Machine control unit 4 Drive system 5 Machine tool 6 Feedback system Fig4 6. WORKING OF CNC MACHINESCNC machines are Controlled by G and M codes. These are number values and co-ordinates. Each number or code is assigned to a particular operation. Typed in manually to CAD by machine operators. G&M codes are automatically generated by the computer software. The tool or material moves. mechanisms mass operate in 1-5 axes. Larger machines have a machine control unit (MCU) which manages o perations. Movement is controlled by a motor (actuators). Feedback is provided by sensors (transducers) Closed loop. Tool magazines are apply to change tools automatically. Tool Paths and Cutting MotionsTool paths describe the route the crude tool takes. Motion give the gate be described as point to point, or contouring. Speeds are the rate at which the tool operates e. g. rpm. Feeds are the rate at which the wounding tool and work piece move in relation to each other. Expressed in IPM (inches per minute) Feeds and speeds are determined by irate depth, material and quality of finish needed. e. g . harder materials need slower scats and speeds. Rouging cuts remove larger amounts of material than finishing cuts. Rapid traversing allows the tool or work piece to move rapidly when no machining is taking place.Fig6 Point to Point Tool path Fig5Contour ToolPath 1. Point to Point tool paths cut following lines 2. Contour tool paths cut follow surfaces Linear intervention (Point to Point) Linear ejaculation consist of a programmed point associate together by straight line Fig7 Circular Interpolation (Contour) Circular interpolation is the process of programming arcs and circles. Circular interpolation requires endpoints, a hunt rate, a center, a radius, and a direction of movement. Block of Information When running, a part program is interpreted one command line at a time until all lines are completed.Fig8 N001 G01 X1. 2345 Y. 06789 MO3 N001Represents the sequence number of the operation G01 Represents linear operation (tool movement) X12345 Will move the tool or table 1. 2345 in. a positive direction along the X axis Y6789Will move the tool or table 0. 6789 in. along the Y axis M03Turns spike heel on clockwise Commands, which are likewise referred to as blocks, are made up of words which each begin with a letter get over and end with a numerical value. Each letter address relates to a specific machine attend to. G and M letter addresses O-Program numb er ( go ford for program identification)N-Sequence number (Used for line identification) G-Preparatory function X-X axis designation Y-Y axis designation Z-Z axis designation R-Radius designation F-Feed rate designation S- stiletto heel speed designation H-Tool aloofness offset designation D-Tool radius offset designation T-Tool Designation M-Miscellaneous function G- CODES (Preparatory Functions) which cause some movement of the machine table or wellspring. G00 Rapid Movement G01- Linear Interpolation (movement) G02- Circular Interpolation, CW G03- Circular Interpolation, CCW G17 -XY Plane,G18- XZ Plane,G19 -YZ Plane G20/G70 -Inch unitsG21/G71 -Metric Units G40- Cutter compensation cross off _or_ out G41 -Cutter compensation right G43- Tool length compensation (plus) G43- Tool length compensation (plus) G44- Tool length compensation (minus) G49-Tool length compensation dejectioncel G80-Cancel canned cycles G81-Drilling cycle G82-Counter boring cycle G83-Deep hole cut cycle G 90-Absolute positioning G91- Incremental positioning M-CODES (Miscellaneous) which turn ON or OFF different functions M00 -Program stop M01 -Optional program stop M02 -Program end M03- mandrel on clockwise M04 -Spindle on counterclockwise M05- Spindle stop M06- Tool change . BASIC CONCEPTS OF PART PROGRAMMING Part programming contains nonrepresentational data about the part and motion information to move the peachy tool with respect to the worpiece. Basically, the machine receives instructions as a sequence of blocks containing commands to set machine parameters speed, feed and other relevant information. A block is equivalent to a line of codes in a part program. N135 G01 X1. 0 Y1. 0 Z0. 125 T01 F5. 0 These define N135-Block number G01-G codes X1. 0, Y1. 0, Z0. 125-Coordinates T01-Tool number F5. 0-Special function computer programing Methods Automatically Programmed Tools (APT)A text based system in which a programmer defines a series of lines, arcs, and points which define th e overall part geometry repairs. These features are then use to generate a bid location (CL) file. Computer Aided Machining (CAM) Systems-Computer Aided Design (CAD) Systems CAD/CAM systems allow for rapid development and modifying of designs and enfranchisement. The 3D geometric model produced becomes a common element for engineering analysis (FEA), machining process planning (including CNC part programming, documentation (including engineering drawings), quality control, and so on.Drives of CNC machine tool Hydraulic actuator high power machine tool Stepping motor small machine due to limited power and torque DC motor pure speed regulation, high torque, most widely used. 8. PROPERTIES OF CNC MACHINES Based on Motion Type Motion control the heart of CNC Point-to-Point or Continuous path Based on Control Loops Open loop or Closed loop Based on Power Supply Electric or Hydraulic or Pneumatic Based on Positioning System Incremental or Absolute Point-to-Point Tool Movements Poi nt-to-point control systems cause the tool to that point only.The tool is not in continuous contact with the part charm it is moving. Examples oil production, reaming, punching, boring and tapping. Fig9 Continuous-Path Tool Movements Continuous-path controllers cause the tool to maintain continuous contact with the part as the tool cuts a contour shape. These operations include milling along any lines at any bung, milling Fig10 Arcs and lathe bit. Loop Systems for Controlling Tool Movement Schematic typification of the components of (a) an open-loop and (b) a closed-loop control system for a CNC machine. 9. TYPES OF CNC MACHINES * Lathe Machine * Milling Machine Drilling Machine -The judicature drill -The pillar drill * Boring Machine * Grinding Machine CNC Mills These machining centers use computer controls to cut different materials. They are able to translate programs consisting of specific number and letters to move the spindle to diverse locations and depths. Used to ma ke 3D prototypes, moulds, cutting dies, printing plates and sights. CNC Lathes They cut metal that is often turn of events at fast speeds. CNC lathes are able to make fast ,precision cuts using Indexable tools and drills with complicated programs. Normally, they cannot be cut on manual lathes.They often include 12 tool holder sand coolant pumps to cut down on tool wear. Fig11 CNC Grinders Grinding metal process uses a coated wheel that slowly removes metal to create a part. Through the years, grinding was foole on a manual machine, further with the advent of CNC technology, the grinding process has advanced . Fig12 CNC DRILLING Drilling is ordinarily used for mass production. The cut machine ( drill press) is used to create or enlarge holes. The bench drill For cut holes through raw materials such as wood, plastic and metal The pillar drill A larger version that stands upright on the floor.As the bench drill, it can be used to drill larger pieces of materials and produce bigge r holes. Fig13 CNC Boring Process of enlarging an existing hole or upcountry cylindirical surface. This can be accomplished on a lathe or a machine tool specifically designed for the process, such as a horizontal boring machine. Fig14 Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM) Wire EDM machines utilize a very thin conducting wire (. 0008 to . 012in. ) as an electrode. The wire is stretched between rhomb guides and carbide that conduct current to the wire and cuts the part like a band saw.Material is removed by the wear caused by a spark that moves horizontally with the wire. Fig15 Laser Cutting Machines The machine utilizes an uttermost(prenominal) beam of focused laser light to cut the part. Material under the beam experiences a rapid rise in temperature and is vaporized. Laser cuts with a minimum of distortion, no mechanical cutting forces. Specific tools to perform different trading operations Fig16Fig17 CNC lathe machine tool hired gun gun enclosure is part of the CNC machine where all tooling is mount. CNC lathe tool gun enclosure has an integral Disk like part (Tool turret disk) on which all the tools are mounted.CNC lathe tool turret is mounted on the x-axis carriage. Fig18 Slant whop CNC Lathe / Flat Bed CNC Lathe On some CNC lathe machines x-axis carriage with the tool turret is located behind the spindle (such cnc lathe machines are called shift bed cnc lathe machines) and on other cnc lathe it is located at the front (as normal lathe machines) such cnc lathe machines are calledflat bed cnc lathe machine. The below is a Slant Bed CNC Lathe Machine. Fig19 Fig20 CNC Lathe Tool Turret Tool Capacity Tool capacity for cnc lathe machines varies machine to machine.Small CNC lathe machines normally comes with a tool turret capacity of 4 or 8 tools stations. Bigger and plodding CNC lathe machines tool turrets are big and overweight and accordingly testament hold more tools such as 12 or more. Fig21 Tool Holder Tool holder is the actual part which faste ns the tool to the cnc lathe tool turret Disk. Tool holder size in addition depends upon the cnc lathe tool turret size, heavy CNC late machine tool turret comes with with big bore for tool holders such as 50 mm diameter. For the small tool turret this might be 40 mm diameter or, less to suit the tool to hold.Fig22 CNC Lathe Tool Turret Rotation CNC lathe tool turret rotates with the cnc program commands. Normally a letter T is used to call a tool in the working position. The tool rotation is dependent on cnc lathe machine. or so cnc lathe tool turret rotate in one direction (CW or CCW ). Some cnc lathe tool turret rotates both directions, such tool turret direction is optimized for the nearest tool station. Some cnc lathe give full control over tool call up, you can call by optimized direction or you can call tool by rotating tool turret by CW direction or CCW.Tool Offset in CNC Lathe with Fanuc Control Fig23 There are variety of cnc machines in the market, and almost every cnc m achine in acnc workshophas different affable of cnc machine controls if controls are not different they might have different versions of the same cnc machine control. As the operating of different cnc machines controls is very much different from one another the same wayTool Offsettingis very much different. Here I provide discuss the cnc tool cadencyment on Fanuc. Tool Offset Setting on Fanuc TCSome cnc machines has some kind of built-in mechanism of tool-offsetting, this built-in mechanisn of tool-offsetting makes adding peeled tools are changing existing tools a breeze, because you just bandstand the tool in the tool-post on thecnc machine tool-turretand just perform the agency the cnc machine manufacture has given in the cnc machine operating and setting manual. TheFanuccontrols such as Fanuc TC has this capability, Just tie up tool in the tool turret and perform a simple procedure and everything is done. The tool offsetting procedure might be different from version to ver sion, simply on Fanuc TC this procedure is simple as under.For tool offsetting of a new tool just tie up the tool in the tool post and inMDI (Manual Data Input) Modecall up the tool in the working position by entering the command T1, the T is for tool call up and 1 is tool number if you have your tool on another position you might change that with that tool number. Now change the cnc machine to Jog Mode and touch the tool cutting point to the finished component (already gripped in cnc machine jaws) face and bring the Tool-Geometry page and enter under the tool number the command MZ0 this command lead clear any previous values and will measure the current tools tool-offset in Z-axis.Now touch the tool to aknown-diameteron the component and again in the tool-geometry page enter the command MX50 you can enter the measured diameter value instead of 50. This way now we have calculated the tool-measurement on the Fanuc TC cnc machine control. CNC Dry Run Invaluable Tool for CNC Setter F ig24 It repoints the power and the flexibility the cnc machine manufacturers and cnc control manufacturers give acnc machine setterby integrating the Dry Runon cnc machines. On some cnc machines the Dry Run is added as aCNC Machine Modelike Fanuc.On Fanuc cnc control you just select the Dry Run mode and cnc machine is now in Dry Run Mode. Introduction of Dry Run for CNC Machines Setting a new component on a cnc machine is not an easy job. You have to go through many important tasks like cnc machine zero offsetting (cnc machine shift value setting),tool offsetting of toolsused on cnc machine etc. Now if you have completed these all tasks, now comes the time to run the cnc program for the first time, A really crucial and time consuming cnc task. A small negligence might be cause of an accident on cnc machine (tool breakage etc. . To make the first run easy and safe the cnc machine manufacturers and cnc control manufacturers provide us a way by which we can slow control the tools fee d withfeed rescind. So now the cnc setter is a bit easy because he can now run all the tools with aSafe Feed. Now cnc setter easily can lower the tool feed when he feels the tool is entering a bit danger zone, and easily can increase the tool feed (to a rapid feed) when the tool is away from the component (so the time not go wasted with lower feed when tool is away from component).In Dry Run all the cnc blocks whether those are starting with G00 or G01 and otherG-codelike G02/G03 run with the same feed, which is controlled through Feed Override. On Fanuc the feed change by reversal is controlled throughHandwheelafter feed decree entirelyton press, and there as well exists a Rapid Feed Button which if pressed during Dry Run Mode the cnc machine program block will run with Rapid Feed. One point must be cleared for Fanuc control is that feed upset also works inAuto Mode and Single Block Modebut in such modes the feed override only controls G01/G02/G03 like G-code.But feed overrid e will not control the G00 (Rapid Traverse). But in Dry Run Mode all the cnc program will run with the feed which is controlled through Feed Override. An introduction to cnc machine speed override and feed override controls and rubber eraser instructions which must be adhere to while working with cnc machine feed and speed override. CNC Machine Speed Override / Feed Override Introduction Normally you program the speed and feed this way, N10 G97 S ascorbic acid0 G95 F0. 3 Fig25Now for one reason or other you want to increase or decrease the speed or feed of the cnc machinefor some time, you definitely have a way to just alter thecnc machine program, but there is one more suitable solution the Feed Override and Speed Override Controls. The feed override and speed override arethe most suitable and handy way to control thecnc machine feed and speed through cnc control panel. You control the speed and feed in percentage. When the feed overrideis 100% the actually feedwhich is programmed will be active.But if the feed overrideis 50% then the feedwill decrease by that ratio, now the machine tools will run with 50% of feed. So if youhave programmed 0. 5 mm/rev feed then with 100% the 0. 5 will be active, but for 50%feed override the actually tool feed will be 0. 25 mm/rev. The same rule applies for speed override, for 100% the actual programmed speed will be active and spindle will revolvewith the actual programmed speed. Butat 50% speedoverride the spindle speed will drop by 50%. Feed Override Speed Override Minimum Maximum Values Normally you can control speed override and feed override from 0% to 120%.At 0% speed override the spindle will stop rotating, and at 0% feed override the tool will stop working ( the tool will be stationary ). No doubt120% feedoverride and speed override is justsafe. But some cnc machines give even more flexibility Ihave worked on a cnc machine which has its feed override 0% to 200%. Normal cnc machine has just 0% to 120% feedoverride and speed override. Speed Override and Feed Override Safety Precautions Whenever handling the speed override and feed override always think about safety, safety of yourself, tool, machine, component and your surroundings.Never try to use the speed override and feed override if you dont need it. Because when cnc programs are made the speed and feed is properly set for the machined component. The increase in feed or speed might break insert or even tool. CNC backfire CNC Troubleshooting, In this category we will see the cnc machine from a different wad (cnc machine maintenance), your feedback will really matter, and I hope you will share you knowl marge and experience. I will talk about theCNC passwhich is found in cnc machine axis. * what is cnc funk, * cnc backlash causes, * when to worry about cnc backlash, how to measure backlash, * How to settle and compensate cnc backlash through hardware and cnc control software. Fig26 *What is CNC Backlash? CNC Backlash is any kind of play w hich is found in cnc machine axis. or you might say, CNC Backlashis non-movement of the cnc axis which occurs on axis reversal. *Causes of CNC Backlash? This play (backlash) might be due to * Clearance which is kept in mechanical parts to reduce friction. * As mechanical parts get loose with time. * As with time mechanical parts keep moving and rubbing each other and after long time they lose their actual shape and size. CNC Backlash Is already there A cnc machine axis move due to theirLead ScrewandLead Screw Nut. There is always kept a very minor backlash in the lead screw and lead screw nut to reduce hurt and wear. *CNC Backlash When to Worry It is good if your cnc machine axis backlash is near 0. 0001? but not always possible, so 0. 0003? to 0. 0004? is acceptable. But if the amount of play in the lead screw and nut crosses this limit then there is the time to worry, and call up you mechanical maintenance guys. CNC Backlash How to Measure?CNC machine backlash can be measure with aDial Indicatorattached to an Adjustable Stand. Put the stand on the cnc bed and direct the needle (plunger) of the dial indicator towards the axis which you want to measure. 1. Set the dial needle to 0. 0mm (zero). 2. Now move the axis in one direction 0. 5mm. Dial indicator should show 0. 5mm travel. 3. Now reverse the same axis 0. 5mm. If your dial indicator now goes back to 0. 0mm, then everything is okay. But other than, if on reversal the dial lags behind, then the amount the dial lags behind is the backlash.CNC Backlash How to Resolve? ( Backlash Compensation ) Now you have two choices the hardware way and software way to resolve cnc backlash. You first better choose the hardware way, because normally backlash is due to lead screw or lead screw nut wear, so better resolve the issue by tightening them a bit if they are loose than required, there are plenty of other hardware ways to cope with backlash. CNC controls also give us the ability to control (compensate) cnc backlash through their parameters. CNC Backlash Compensation through CNC Control Parameters How Much Successful?The better advice is that you resolve the issue by changing the lead screw (if possible) or lead screw nut, or just tightening them if they are loose might work, but otherwise CNC control parameters can be changed to compensate backlash, the cnc lathe machine I work on with fanuc control has the 0. 012mm set in its parameters as the backlash compensation for x-axis and z-axis. So such values can be changed to resolve the backlash issue. 10. DRILLING AND TAPPING ON CNC MACHINES Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using a rotating cutter called DRILL.The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine. The drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the drill is held in tailstock and the work is held by the chuck. The most common drill used is the become drill. Drilling Machine It is the simplest and accurate machine use d in production shop. The work piece is held stationary ie. Clamped in position and the drill rotates to make a hole. Types 1) Based on construction Portable, Sensitive, Radial, up-right, Gang, Multi-spindle 2) Based on Feed Hand driven ,Power driven Components of drilling machineSpindle The spindle holds the drill or cutting tools and revolves in a fixed position in a sleeve. Sleeve The sleeve or quill assembly does not revolve but may slue in its bearing in a direction parallel to its axis. When the sleeve carrying the spindle with a cutting tool is lowered, the cutting tool is fed into the work and when its moved upward, the cutting tool is pull back from the work. Feed pressure applied to the sleeve by hand or power causes the revolving drill to cut its way into the work a fraction of an mm per revolution. ColumnThe editorial is cylindrical in shape and built rugged and solid. The column supports the head and the sleeve or quill assembly. Head The head of the drilling machine is composed of the sleeve, a spindle, an electric motor and feed mechanism. The head is bolted to the column. Worktable The worktable is supported on an arm mounted to the column. The worktable can be adjusted vertically to accommodate different senior high school of work or it can be swung completely out of the way. It may be tilted up to 90 degree in either direction, to allow long pieces to be end or angle drilled. BaseThe base of the drilling machine supports the entire machine and when bolted to the floor, provides for vibration-free operation and best machining accuracy. The top of the base is same to the worktable and may be equipped with t- slot for mounting work too larger for the table. Hand Feed The hand- feed drilling machines are the simplest and most common type of drilling machines in use today. These are light duty machine that are operated by the operator, using a feed handled, so that the operator is able to feel the action of the cutting tool as it cuts through the work piece. These drilling machines can be bench or floor mounted.Power feed The power feed drilling machine are unremarkably larger and heavier than the hand feed ones they are equipped with the ability to feed the cutting tool in to the work automatically, at preset depth of cut per revolution of the spindle these machines are used in maintenance for medium duty work or the work that uses large drills that require power feed larger work pieces are ordinaryly clamped directly to the table or base using t bolts and clamps by a small work places are held in a vise. A depth stop mechanism is located on the head, near the spindle, to aid in drilling to a precise depth.Sensitive or Bench Drilling Machine * This type of drill machine is used for very light works. Fig. 1 illustrates the sketch of sensitive drilling machine. * The vertical column carries a turning table the natural elevation of which can be adjusted according to the work piece height. * The table can also be swung to any desired position. * At the top of the column there are two pulleys connected by a belt, one pulley is mounted on the motor shaft and other on the machine spindle. * Vertical movement to the spindle is given by the feed handle by the operator. * Operator senses the cutting action so sensitive drilling machine.Fig27 Up-Right Drilling Machine * These are medium heavy duty machines. * It specifically differs from sensitive drill in its weight, rigidity, application of power feed and wider range of spindle speed. Fig. 2 shows the line sketch of up-right drilling machine. * This machine usually has a gear driven mechanism for different spindle speed and an automatic or power feed device. * Table can move vertically and radially. * Drill holes up to 50mm Fig28 Radial Drilling Machine * It the largest and most versatile used for drilling medium to large and heavy work pieces. Radial drilling machine blend to power feed type. * The column and radial drilling machine supports the rad ial arm, drill head and motor. Fig. 3 shows the line sketch of radial drilling machine. * The radial arm slides up and down on the column with the help of elevating screw provided on the side of the column, which is driven by a motor. * The drill head is mounted on the radial arm and moves on the guide ways provided the radial arm can also be swiveled around the column. * The drill head is equipped with a separate motor to drive the spindle, which carries the drill bit.A drill head may be moved on the arm manually or by power. * Feed can be either manual or automatic with reversal mechanism. Drill Materials The two most common types are 1. HSS drill- Low cost 2. Carbide- tipped drills high production and in CNC machines different types are Solid Carbide drill, TiN coated drills, carbide coated masonry drills, parabolic drills, split point drill. Fig. 4 shows various types of drills. Drill fixed to the spindle Fig30 Tool Nomenclature Fig. 31 Nomenclature of thingumabob drill Tool holding devices Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 shows the different work holding and drill browse device.The different methods used for holding drill in a drill spindle are * By directly fitting in the spindle hole. * By using drill sleeve * By using drill socket * By using drill chuck Fig32 Drilling operations Operations that can be performed in a drilling machine are * Drilling * Reaming * Boring * Counter boring * Countersinking * Tapping Drilling It is an operation by which holes are produced in solid metal by core of revolving tool called Drill. Fig. 9 shows the various operations on drilling machine. Reaming Reaming is accurate way of size and finishing the pre-existing hole.Multi tooth cutting tool. Accuracy of 0. 005mm can be achieved. Boring Boring is a process of enlarging an existing hole by a single point cutting tool. Boring operation is often preferred because we can correct hole size, or alignment and can produce smooth finish. Boring tool is held in the boring bar which has the shank. Accuracy of 0. 005mm can be achieved. Fig. 33 Various operations on drilling machine Counter Bore - This operation uses a pilot to guide the cutting action to accommodate the heads of bolts. Fig. 10 illustrates the counter boring, countersunk and spot facing processes. Countersink-Special angled cone mold enlargement at the end of the hole to accommodate the screws. Cone angles of 60, 82, 90, 100, 110, 120 Fig. 34 Counter boring, countersunk and spot facing Drillingmachines are tools that have a rotating, cutting component at one end that bores holes into different materials. There are several types ofdrillingmachines that may be used for a wide variety of purposes, including woodworking, construction,masonry, metalworking, medicine, oildrilling, and many other fields. putting surface drills include the hand drill, push drill, pistol-grip drill, hammer drill, anddrill press.In addition to making holes, drills are often used to push screws into wood, metal, plastic, rock, o r composites. The hand drill and push drill are both manually operateddrillingmachines that have been largely replaced by power drills. A hand drill works by turning a crank that rotates gears, which cause the chuck to turn. The chuck is the component of thedrillingmachinethat holds the bit, or the end cutting piece. The push drill is a skinny tool resembling a screwdriver with a handle that can be pushed down on a yarned shaft, or a pole with helical ridging.As the handle is pushed down along threading, the shaft, chuck, and bit spins downward, much like pumping a toy metal top. Pistol-grip drills are the most commonly useddrillingmachines. These are corded electric drills that are typically shaped virtually like a pistol, with a trigger switch that starts a motor inside the drill. The motor causes the chuck and bit to spin in continuous revolutions. These drillingmachines may be used to make holes for bolts or other purposes, to push screws into wood, plastic, or other materials , and to bore countersinks.Acountersinkis a screw-shaped hole that is made beforehand the screw is drilled in, preventing splintering or pulling of the plastic or wood around the head of the screw. A pistol-grip drill is also available in a battery-powered, cordless version, though they are usually more expensive. There are many different types of this drill and several indications for use. It is also possible to admit the drill with an attachment, such as sanding or sawing components. A hammer drill, also called a rotary hammer, is sympathetic to a pistol-grip drill, but also applies a punching motion to complement the rotational action of the bit.This hammering, forward force makes it useful for tougher materials, such as concrete or stone, that standard electric drills cannot cut through. For softer materials, however, the hammer drill may apply excessive force and a standard drill may be a better choice. A drill press is a type of drill that may stand on the floor or be mount ed on a workbench. The base of themachineis bolted to the table or floor and a column rises up from the base to support the back of the head of the drill. The column also supports a table that can be adjusted in height between the head and the base.The spindle, a metal component that holds the chuck and drill bit, extends downward from the front of the head, parallel to the column. A larger distance between the spindle and column allows wood with a larger width to be drilled. An on switch triggers the spindle to spin and levers attached to the head of the drill press move the spindle and chuck to move up or down. Thesedrillingmachines are suited for accuratedrilling, because the bit is fixed and the work can be secured to the table with clamps or a vise. - Types Of Drill BitsDrill bits are tools used in making cylindrical holes. Various types of drill bits are designed for different uses. Drill bits are equipments or tools that are used in making cylindrical holes. Drill bits can al so be referred to as a drilling machine. Drill bits are available in various drill types such as metal drills, gun drills, screw machine drills, core drills, step drills, spade drills, forstner drills, masonry drills, dental or surgical drills, wood bits, twist drills, drill blank taper drills and much more. They are designed to cut while doing a clockwise rotating motion. Several drill bits are coolant fed.They contain a channel or hole for directing the coolant fed near to the cutting edges. The split point drill heads of drill bits are used for chip clearance and for excellent centering. Drill bits can also be used in cutting aluminum, general-purpose metals, brass, copper, bronze, ceramic, and plastic, virtuous steel, steel, wood, titanium and hardened materials. Various types of drill bits are designed for different uses. Listed below are some types of Drill Bits. Twist Drill It drills holes in plastic, metal and wood. This drill is currently produced with a width covert a r ange from 0. 5 millimeters to 100 millimeters while its length is around 1000 millimeters. The most usual twist drill has a tip angle of 118 degrees. This is a proper angle for an extensive set up of job. It also has a long series drill for extended length twist drills. It is not well(predicate) to drill deep holes using this twist drill. Diamond Drill Bit This particular drill is used in the bathroom for updating or remodeling. It is also used in redesigning your kitchen decoration. Furthermore, it is used on ceramic, glass, tile, limestone, dye glass, marble, fibreglass, porcelain, stone, slate and porcelain tile.When using this drill, the main concern is to obtain water at the edge of the drill bit. Drilling fiberglass may be done with or without water but make sure that the fiberglass has ample amount of water just to get the drill wet. Indexable Drill Bit This provides an excellent performance in making short-hole drillings. Stainless steel is drilled 3x in diameter and only a short-hole must be done. Listed below are some other types of drill bits Adjustable Bit This is built with a changeable cutter blade to bore holes of various sizes. It is also used for drilling gaps for wiring or piping.Around-the-corner bit It is used to cut arched holes that are stretched in corners with a diagonal cutting surface. plumbers snake Bits This drill creates drill holes in wooden materials. The drill ends have a screw head so that the bits may be self fed. Brad-point drill This drill looks almost the same as the usual bits but it has sharpened point to make wood drilling a lot easier. This drill has cleaner holes other than spade bits. Counterbore The drill allows a screw to be driven under the wood outside. The holes that are drilled may be filled with a plug or wire.Drill Saw Bit It is used to cut holes such as wood and metal and can enlarge current holes. Countersink A drill that has an angled tip design that forms a slump in the screw head. Fly cutter This one is often used to cut circles in wood and other soft metals. The diameter of circles may be adjusted by changing the cutter blade setting. Hole saw It cut holes from one to six centimeters in diameter and has a center bit for directing the cutting blade edge of the saw. Reamer bit The tapered bit of reamer may be used on existing holes rather than to enlarge holes.Screw pilot bit This beautiful bit is used for drilling body holes. A pilot hole is used along with the countersink. Wire Brushes It use to remove rust and to clean up metal and is available either as a wheel or a cup with wire brush. Plastic bit This is designed with a tip so as to prevent splintering when drilling plastic. It is important to reduce the speed and slowly drill the other side of the plastic. Plug cutter Use this to remove cylindrical shapes from the wood. It covers the screw using a small cylindrical plate. Tapping- Tapping is the process by which congenital threads are formed.It is performed either by hand or by machine. Minor diameter of the thread is drilled and then tapping is done. Fig. 11 show the tapping processes. Fig. 35 Hand taps and tapping process using tap wrench Fig. 36 Various operations performed on drilling machine Work Holding Devices 1. Machine Table Vice The machine vice is equipped with jaws which clamps the work piece. The vice can be bolted to the drilling table or the tail can be swung around swung around. Fig. 13 shows the standard and swivel vice. The swivel vice is a machine wise that can be swivel through 360 on a horizontal plane. Fig37 1.Step Blocks These are built to allow height adjustment for mounting the drilling jobs and are used with strap clamps and long T-slot bolts. 2. Clamps These are small, portable vises , which bears against the work piece and holding devices. prevalent types of clamps are C-clamp, Parallel clamp, machine strap clamp, U-clamp etc.. Fig. 14 shows the correct and incorrect methods of mounting the work piece. Fig38 11. APPLICAT ION OF CNC MACHINES ? cutting ? drilling ? milling ? welding ? boring ? bending ? s pin ? pinning ? gluing ? sewing ? routing Its application in some industries like -Automotive Industry Aerospace Industry -Machinery Industry -Electrical Industry -Instrumentation Industry Automotive Industry Different Products Fig39 Aerospace Industry Aircraft Turbine Machined by 5-Axis CNC Milling Machine Fig40 12. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CNC -Ease of Use ? CNC machines are easier for beginners ? Operation of several CNC machines at same time ? Some CNC machines dont need any operator indeed call their operator in case of the emergencies. heights Efficiency ? operate almost continuously 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Expanding Options ? Expand the machines capabilities with SoftwareChanges and updates. No Prototyping ? new programmers provide elimination build a prototype, save time and money. Precision ? Parts are identical to each other. Reduce Waste ? Reduce waste as errors allows min imize wasted Material. evil of CNC Machines Cost CNC machinery ? costs quite a lot more than conventional machinery. ? Does not eliminate the need for expensive tools. ? Expensive to repair. 13. CONCLUSION CNC machines which are applicable any type of processing. manufacturing anything is identical in shorter time. CNC machines provide many advantages. Many industries prefer using CNC machines.